Entry Modes In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

Entry Modes In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Research carried by the author has pointed out the differences in the choice of entry mode of Accor in Thailand and China. According to interviews carried before the analysis, managers in Thailand assumed the foreign direct investment as the major choice for local market, which can intensify the network of hotel chains and avoiding financial constrains. According to Sass (2003), FDI is an entry mode which bounds the international business with the domestic ones. Thus, this choice is appreciated by the local government in Thailand, which may be too busy in political reconstruction to get into the rebooting of tourism and hospitality industry. Meanwhile, acquisition is applied by Accor Thailand in order to get acceleration in network expansion. This is mostly realized by management contract, which according to Esperanca (1992), can separating the ownership from the management. However, the long-term contract is related to the motivation systems for the owners, which also admitted by Thailand managers that credibility, trust mechanism are still needed to be constructed for the local owners. Different from this, the strategy in China, especially in the brand Ibis owns the unique characteristic. Although franchising is assumed to be the ideal choice for franchisor and franchisee by the assistance in operation system and the quicker mode to establish network (Pine . Zhang, 2000). It is the fact that many countries are lack of the stable environment which facilitates the process of franchising. As a consequence of this, the overall and diversify market in China is become the ideal choice for this attempt. After all, franchising is putting the reputation of the brand into danger. Once the operation in one point is facing crisis, the whole brand reputation will be called into question. 2.0 Reasons contributed to the different strategy 2.1 Relationship with local strength in host countries This element is viewed as an influential factor in the extension strategy for international hotel chains. While in consideration of the circumstances in those two countries, it is easy to find out the differences into this factor. The first fact is the leading position of Accor in Thailand, which make it more convenient to expand within that country without real competition. Meanwhile, Accor in Thailand is trying to develop better relationship with travel agencies, which can help the process of promotion in current downturns. Even though this efforts is turning unsatisfying results, which can be reflected by the merely 3% guests who claimed to be introduced into the hotel by travel agencies, this efforts in this area are still worthy. Since from long-term perspective, the markets in host countries, especially in new booming ones like Thailand, are more essential for the development of international hotel chains (Gammeltoft Pradhan, 2010). Cooperation with local strength may change the disappointing situation on the overall brand promotion for Accor in Thailand. However, in Chinese marketing, the most worthy way to cultivate is not the one of travel agency. Since many travel agencies in China are limited in moderate scales and not be trusted by travelers, especially native people. Due to the situation in China, that reflects as the relatively close relationship shared by Chinese among friends and family. The results of 23% interviewees who claimed their recognization of the brand is from friends and relatives have provided evidence to this aspect. As a consequence of this, it is understandable why Accor promotes Ibis, which is a economy hotel, widely in Chinese market. Since more local tourists will be attracted by the recommendation from friends. Besides the target group, the local brands and government can also be viewed as important strengths in China for Accor Group. Most MNCs, especially those indulged in service industry like Accor are attracted by China for the low cost of labor, since most of these industries are known as labor-consuming. However, the Chinese government is claiming the efforts they will put in the transformation in this area. Policies will be put more highlights on high-tech area. Thus, for Accor Group in China, it is not advisable to perceive the low cost of labor as an advantage. This is just be self-evident by the efforts Accor have put into the promotion of brands belongs to high class like Novotel as a sign of quality-provided chain. 2.2 Culture aspects Lake of cross-cultural awareness is the major reason which contributes to the frustration of MNCs in host countries. For Accor Group, which pursuit for the position in service industry, this awareness seems to be more essential. The analysis of visiting purpose of the guests can give the most obvious distance from Chinese and Thailand culture. Compared with 27% of guests who claimed to visit hotels on the purpose of relaxing in Thailand, the correspondence rate in China is revealed as merely 9 in 93 persons. This difference, if finding explanation from the culture side, can be understood as Chinese always value family concept more important than other cultures. That is, they will be less likely to choose relaxing places besides home. Thats can also be viewed as reason that contribute to the over 50% satisfaction with the facilities of the hotel in China, since most of them are travel on purpose of business or sightseeing, there needs in additional facilities are relatively lower than others. Thats the reason why Accor promotes brands like Novotel in China. As the business image of the Group, Novotel is just attractive for those international business people who pursue excellent quality service. And the expansion of lower brand Ibis is just suitable for the economical pursuit for sightseeing guests Different from this, Accor is trying to establish more brands in Thailand market. This strategy is also related with the recovery of the political situation. However, it is designed to satisfy the needs of multiple cultures in Thailand. 2.3 Geographical difference This element influence the control relationship between headquarter and subsidiaries abroad. Rodrigues (1995) has lighted the two choices for the headquarters-foreign subsidiary control relationship, included centralization or decentralization. However, the geographical circumstances in China have put a challenge on the centralization process. Thats also the major reason that Accor apply franchising mode in this country. Due to the large area and diversity in many elements, the centralization process will cause too much efforts of the headquarter company. Different from this, Accor Thailand is trying to introduce more brands designed for different groups of people. The higher class hotel like Novotel can not be promoted in methods expect from direct investment, thats partly due to the danger of quality maintain in mode like franchising. Meanwhile, in area like Thailand, whose economical centers are concentrated in the certain region of the country, decentralization will more easy to be realized 3.0 Recommendations in strategy improvement in Thailand and China A. Focusing on the promotion of overall brand. Even though the overall satisfying situation in the subject hotels of research carried by the author is highly evaluated over 50% countries, the recognization of the Accor Group is disappointing. As Punjaisri and Wilson (2007) defined the recognization of the brand for existing guests can give influence to other costumers. As a consequence of this, the disappointing current results will cause barriers when Accor introduce new brands into these two markets. B. Trying to attract different guest groups Business guests and sightseeing ones are two unique highlight in Thailand and China, which covered the largest part of the interviewees in those two markets separately. However, as a hot destination, Thailand owns the distinctive potential in tourism. Even though the Accor Thailand is witnessing 25% guests who claim to settle for sightseeing. It still has a great distance when compared with the booming of tourism industry in this country. Thus, it is advisable for Accor in Thailand to promote image as tourists choice. Different from Thailand, China has been long recognized as sightseeing attraction. As a consequence of this, most international hotel chains would be more likely to position themselves as types for tourists in this market, which also in turn make competition in this area. The 43% sightseeing group also verify this strategy of Accor in China. However, as a developing country who is in the acceleration development, the business guests in China will be increasing gradually in near future. Meanwhile, the location of China also makes it taking the role of economical hinterland for countries in Asia or the world. Thus, the business potential will worthy the efforts to promoting business hotels in Chinese market. C. Combination of entry modes Franchising owns the fastest expansion speed while direct invest witnesses highly control relationship. However, both of these methods own their cons and pros. Current situation is the separation of both modes in China and Thailand as major strategy for those markets. However, franchising can also be applied in Thailand, while franchising may facilitate the development of certain brands in China, Taking the All Seasons in Thailand as example, they are operated by the method of FDI, and only establish a network from Bangkok to Pattaya. The relatively slower speed just testifies the disadvantages of direct investment. Thus, in order to operate economy hotel more successfully in Thailand and set up the wildly net which can attract more tourism. Franchising, which is unique in Chinese market can also be used in All Seasons in Thailand. Higher class brand like Novotel can maintain in the way of direct investment which can ensure the quality of service. While in China, Accor is trying to expend as fast as possible in order to get more share of this booming market. Franchising as the most effective way in this aim is widely applied to expand the economy brand. However, when Accor moving forward in China, there must be attention paid on the choice of the city. The subjects which are chose in the research of author reflect the subtle difference Accor in brand operation among different cities in China. Dalian, as a city bordering on the sea, is always perceived as sightseeing destination in China, thus, Ibis here will position itself as economical choice for tourists. Different from this, Beijing, the capital of China, which is also the centre of economy, is the ideal choice for Novotel to settle. However, due to the larger area in China, the serves radius of a city here is limited. When putting into strategy consideration, it will be necessary to value how many cities exactly Novotel Beijing can provide service to. As a consequence of this, one city in China may shoulder two responsibilities, which can serve as tourism destination and economy centre in center region. Thats where the combination of entry modes should be applied. Meanwhile, the direct investment may be not suitable due to these characteristics, management service contracts can be applied as a replacement, since its a method which can be more decentralize than direct investment, meanwhile, owns more control than franchising. D. More emphasis on the Internet and media promotion This suggestion is merely based on the disappointing situation of Internet channel in both countries. According to the research, this is only 9% and 13% in Thailand and China of the guests who claim acknowledges of information of the hotels is from the Internet. Since Accor is trying to establish the network in both of these two markets, no channel can be more effective than Internet promotion. While at the same time, according to the development situation in both countries, the Internet has already become the major source of information for people It is advisable for Accor to fulfill the existing blanket area in this category. Besides the Internet, the media approach is also neglected in both countries. Even though the media can not be an effective way to promote service of the hotel or provide information details. It can be an efficient approach to the overall brand promotion, which is thought to be a failure for Accor in both markets. As a consequence of this, media can be used to promote the image of Accor and improve the recognization situation of this company among local people, while the Internet can convey the detail information to the target groups. Conclusion To sum up, despite the fact of expansion strategy in both markets, differences are also witnessed according to the various elements like culture, economy and relationship with strength in host countries. Meanwhile, in order to get more share in these two new booming markets, Accor has also to adjust details in its strategy in order to make it more appropriate to those two countries.

Corporate Governance and its Impact on Firm Risk

This time period was selected based on the ease of availability of data for the variables. BRIEF SUMMARY: Corporate governance measures like board structure, compensation structure and ownership structure are determined by one another, and by variables such as risk, cash flows, firms' size and regulations etc. Firm risk has a role to play in firm performance, because firms that take more risk generally have higher returns. Firms that engage in risky projects are expected to yield better returns that those which lack the appetite to take asks.However, excessive risk taking may prove to be fatal for a firm Family Ownership and Firm Risk – studies the impact of corporate governance (through family control, bank control and ownership concentration) on risk taking of Japanese firms. Bank Ownership and Firm Risk – Banks are expected to have low risk-taking preferences and are most likely to avoid risky ventures. Ownership Structure and Firm Risk – Managerial ownership plays a significant role in firm's risk-taking.Lesser ownership in this regard may hold back the managers to indulge in risky projects. Board Independence and Firm Risk – Structuring of a firm's board of directors also plays a crucial role in reducing the agency costs. Therefore, the role Of the executive board's structure is also crucial for the firm's value. Non-executive directors on the board of directors, acting on the part of external shareholders, are generally expected to monitor firm' s strategy and decision-making in this regard.CRITIQUE: The study on corporate governance has received considerable attention in the past decade or so due to the significant role of corporate governance in enhancing the firms' performance. This research has investigated the impact f various corporate governance measures have been on firm performance and firm value. This study can also contribute to the corporate world by incorporate a vast range of corporate governance variables in the analysis, including bank ownership, family ownership, managerial ownership and board independence.

Energy Drinks Liquid Meth - 1201 Words

Walter Brodner Prof. Geerling ENC1101 5 February 2013 Energy Drinks: Liquid Meth? Over the last decade, drinks containing high amounts of caffeine, sugar, and other ingredients that increase energy have been rapidly growing in popularity. Clearly these beverages are known as energy drinks. Energy drinks have gotten so popular that it is extremely rare to find a convenience store that doesn’t sell a variety of them. Students use energy drinks to cram the night before a test, athletes use them to exercise, party animals mix them with alcohol to drink more than humanly possible, and some people just drink them to stay awake at work after a sleepless night. Red Bull, one of the most popular energy drinks in the market, claim to enhance†¦show more content†¦Despite all the controversy, most people can agree how useful a jolt of extra energy can be some days. Energy drinks can help a doctor be more alert during surgery during a graveyard-shift, help college students get that â€Å"A† they have been working towards all s emester, or keep police officers vigilant and energized on the job. There’s no way of knowing exactly how many college students that graduated owe their diploma to caffeine, but it sure didn’t hurt to be able to pull all-nighters while being alert. People that enjoy exercise can lift-weights or do cardio way more effectively by drinking one before the work-out. Energy drinks are not only safe but they are making people more effective workers, students, or athletes. Besides the obvious and immediate effects of drinks containing high amounts of caffeine there are a few long-term benefits worth mentioning. Depression is a horrible condition that slowly eats away at a person until there is nothing left of them. Coffee has been shown to fight depression (Does Caffeine Reduce the Risk of Depression?). By drinking a few cups of coffee or one can of an energy drink chances of depressionShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Alcohol on the Brain826 Words   |  3 Pages When you drink alcohol it messes with your judgment .Long term problems with drinking alcohol can lead to liver disease, high blood pressure, stroke, stomach problems, harm to unborn children, and complications with other illnesses. You can also get addicted to alcohol. Why can alcohol become an addictive substance? Drinking alcohol causes a release of endorphins and activates reward circuitry in the brain. Heavy and frequent drinkers experience a larger release of endorphins. Eventually, toleranceRead MoreWhat are the Effects of Soda on Teeth?1675 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: â€Å"People across North America use different words to identify a sugary, carbonated soft drink. But however they say it, theyre talking about something that can cause serious oral health problems† (Soda or Pop?). What are the effects of soda on teeth? That is the question at hand. All throughout the world, people are addicted to soda. Just as how in the past it was common to see everyone smoking around you, now it is common to see everyone drinking soda. It was not until studies cameRead MoreDrugs Affect College Students2351 Words   |  10 Pagesstudents experiment with is drugs. There are many drugs or harmful substances that only harm college students. These harmful substances include alcohol, ecstasy, meth, and caffeine. Students use these drugs to obtain a â€Å"high† but are unaware of the fact that many times students become addicted. A substance that once gave a student energy, may turn into a substance that drastically changes their life. Alcohol is a major drug abused among college students. This drug has been traced back as earlyRead MoreDrug Abuse Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesfeel good about themselves.†Tobacco is just as bad it kills about 50% of people in the world,said from the NIDA.†Ã¢â‚¬ This new drug called methamphetamine is a stimulant drug usually used as a white, bitter-tasting powder or a pill.†said from the NIDA meth is a drug made from exercise and other ative things ths drug too and blind the users judgement. Some drug have also been found inside candy and types of food drug abuse is dangerous because it can cause irregular effects on the human body SmokingRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug Addiction1932 Words   |  8 PagesDrug Addiction is a problem all around the world that affects families, friends and strangers. It all starts with one puff, snort or drink. There are several different drugs in the world that have affected people with drug abuse. There are two different common drug abuses. Long and Short term drug abuse. There are also many different drugs. Pain Pills are a very common drug that is used in society these days. Most pain pill drug addictions are long term. A long term drug addiction can put a varietyRead MoreCase Study : Club Drugs Addiction1474 Words   |  6 Pagesand young adults. Depending on the specific substance, these drugs may be ingested orally, snorted, or injected. Certain club drugs are frequently combined with alcohol, and substances that are colorless, odorless, and tasteless have been added to drinks of unknowing victims who can later be powerless to prevent sexual assaults. People who regularly abuse club drugs can develop a tolerance that ultimately increases the amounts they use. Additionally, these individuals can find themselves consumingRead MoreThe Drugs Of The World2094 Words   |  9 Pagesthat holds the entire drug. People would swallow it whole and others dissolved it in liquid. Meth was the most prescribed drug in America. Adolf Hitler and his soldiers used it. He was injected up to fives times a day. Elvis Presley was also hooked on meth. Physicians had about thirty-nine reasons to prescribe meth. This drug was the most popular to the baby boomers since marijuana was banned. People who used meth got paranoid and thought others were out to harm them. This caused them to get violentRead MoreThe Drugs Of The World1982 Words   |  8 Pagesthat holds the entire drug. People would swallow it whole and others dissolved it in liquid. Meth was the most prescribed drug in America. Adolf Hitler and his soldiers used it. He was injected up to fives t imes a day. Elvis Presley was also hooked on meth. Physicians had about thirty-nine reasons to prescribe meth. This drug was the most popular to the baby boomers since marijuana was banned. People who used meth got paranoid and thought others were out to harm them. This caused them to get violentRead MoreThe Social Effect of Dangerous Drugs on Communities and the Criminal Justice System1838 Words   |  8 Pageshandle it. I can go without smoking for a whole year, and then go buy a whole pack, and then go without for another year and no one is going to deprive me of this, no self-righteous bureaucrat that is for sure. To me, it makes me sick that I can buy drinks or cigarettes at one of 17 million places, and I can get more prescriptions from my doctor then my medicine cabinet can hold, but I risk fine and/or arrest if I try to buy a little marijuana from the local dealer; which I don’t. It is estimated thatRead More Club Drugs and Teens Essay2233 Words   |  9 Pagesunco nsciousness, reduced heart rate and breathing, and sometimes even death. Due to the possibility of overdose and the danger of date rape, many drug dealers and producers have begun coloring any GHB with food coloring, to avoid it being added to drinks without the consumers’ knowledge. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;GHB is much less common in the United States club scene than in Europe, where it is still legal and commonly used. While the drug itself is not as dangerous as some other club drugs,

The On The Criminal Justice System - 984 Words

Garland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that undermined the credibility of key institutions of crime control, for a period of the whole criminal justice system. He further emphasized that during the late 1970s and 80s; the demoralization influence of what David Rothman called, the failure model spread into most areas of criminal justice. Garland was influenced by the negative research reports and increasing crime rates by a pervasive sense of disillusionment and pessimism, because one institution after another was viewed as ineffective or counter-productive†. (p.61) Pollock (2006) in his book â€Å"ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice† stated that â€Å"Our society today believed that many people repress their desires to commit offences. We therefore enjoy punishing others who are caught committing these crimes, but the questions then are do punishments help? People are still sentenced to death for the same crime that some have committed and faced death as the consequence for their crime. The view not only lacks support ofShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. 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The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. 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This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System1454 Words   |  6 Pages Our Criminal Justice System is far from perfect but it has fulfilled its design by becoming a living system so to speak. Our system is predicated upon discretion from start to finish whereas the first step in the process lies with the contacting officer. Once lawful presence has been established and probable cause for contact can be clearly articulated, the decision to make that contact rests solely with that officer. Of course, each department utilizes a form of controlled discretion, ensuringRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evid ence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendantRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesselected is criminal justice. The criminal Justice system is a compilation of federal, state or local agencies that concern issues dealing with crime. This public policy is provided by the judicial, executive and legislative branches of government. The task of the criminal justice system is to figure out the truth, defend the innocent and even to make the guilty parties punishment not as harsh as it is originally said to be (cliffnots). And most of to provide justice. In criminal justice the federal

Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide. Introduction.

Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide Introduction Euthanasia is when a patient suffering from a disease that cannot be cured is helped to die in a painless manner. Doctors help in such cases to kill patients without feeling much pain. It is an activity the permits the hopeless and injured people to die painlessly with reasons of mercy towards their suffering. Euthanasia is a Greek name that means easy death to individuals. The translation into the English dictionary has given the word the same meaning by Francis Bacon describing the mode of death as â€Å"after the fashion and the semblance of a kind pleasant sleep.† The same meaning of attaining a painless death defines the word. In the medical field, Euthanasia is defined as a way of†¦show more content†¦Such deaths have been on the rise in the recent years. Contrary to the wish of the patients who suffer and wish to be helped in dying, some of the practitioners and state laws do not permit the exercise to be conducted. Patients are to help patients to recover from the diseases they suffer from rather than helping to cut their lives. The guidelines indicate that doctors are to help patients recover from illness. The need of patients is to be treated and give hope that the suffering will end after the prescribed dose is over. The significance of euthanasia has not been clearly defined. The major reason of patients seeking the help of physicians is not that the patients have no hope of getting cured, but to remove the pain of thinking about the physical pain. To achieve that end, with dignity and without pain, doctors should be allowed to aid terminal patients by providing necessary doses of drugs. Despite doctors and physicians helping patients to die, the sole decision lies with the patients as they have control over their lives. The cou nter argument to those against physician-assisted suicide will agree that patients with extreme pain have no ability to contribute to the economy, as they cannot work. Hence, the solution to such unproductive patients is to eliminate them from the society and allow the energetic people to run the economy. It isShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia: The Case of Susan Wolfs Father1150 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction For a quite a while, Euthanasia and assisted suicide have been a topic of debate. The concern stretches from the legal, moral, religious and emotional basis. The query at hand is what is the appropriate response to assisted suicide? As opposed to Wolfs hastened response of No. It is widely accepted that there are varied reasons for allowing Physician-assisted suicide. However, Euthanasia is not as widely permitted. Reason to this is that physician assisted suicide is not like toRead MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930’s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at riskRead MoreEssay on Physician Assisted Suicide903 Words   |  4 PagesPhysician assisted suicide/dying (PAD) is it good or bad? PAD is referred to when physician provides patients who are terminally ill with prescriptions of a lethal dose of medication, upon the patient’s request, which the patient intends to use to end their own life (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2011); another option that is close to physician assisted suicide is Euthanasia. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killi ng or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as personsRead MoreThe Rights Of Assisted Suicide966 Words   |  4 PagesDying Your Way: The Right to Choose Assisted Suicide Introduction Death has a finality to it that gives even the most cynical person a reason to pause. The possibility of death is always present, the elephant in the room. Prior to the twentieth century, before the leaps and bounds of modern medical care, people worried about the possibility of dying more often. Childhood diseases could strike and take a beloved child away at any moment, affecting two or more homes in the same community. Today childrenRead MoreEuthanasi Death And Dying915 Words   |  4 Pagesto regular or unusual circumstances, but now ethically the topic of death has changed by the introduction of euthanasia. According to The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, euthanasia is the act of putting a person to death painlessly, or allowing a person to die by withholding medical treatment in cases of incurable and usually painful disease.1 Otherwise in a more basic terminology, euthanasia is loosely defined as the merciful killing of the hopelessly or terminally ill. Ther e are manyRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Not Harm Than Good864 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Physician-assisted suicide occurs when a physician facilitates a patient’s death by providing the necessary means and/or information to enable the patient to perform the life-ending act. For example, the physician provides sleeping pills and information about the lethal dose, while aware that the patient may commit suicide (Pullicino, n.d). On the other side, natural death occurs when a patient dies from the consequences of old age or disease. The patient s death may be at least partlyRead MoreEuthanasia: An Ethical Dilema Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Medical advances over the past hundred years have extend the life expectancy astronomically. Medicine provides hope that in the event of an â€Å"accident† we can be sure everything will be done to preserve our life, and that the healthcare community will exhaust all possibilities and resources in trying to accomplish this goal. Healthcare also give the reassurance of palliative care to ensure the remaining time on Earth is a painless as possible. However, there are those moments whenRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : Controversial Healthcare And Political Realms Alike1218 Words   |  5 Pages Physician-Assisted Suicide Elissa Munoz-Tucker University of Arizona Abstract Physician-assisted suicide is controversial in healthcare and political realms alike. Currently, this end-of-life option is practiced in five states within the United States. Social concerns regarding assisted suicide revolve around ethical quandaries; providing the means to a patient’s death is contradictory to ethical principles of healthcare providers. Political concerns surroundingRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1265 Words   |  6 PagesParker March, 14, 2015 Assisted Suicide Introduction There are several ethical and legal issues that are raised by the majority concerning the legalization of physician assisted suicide and the role of nurses in the process. Assisted suicide is a legal act of assisting those who are suffering from a deadly illness in ending their lives by providing them the means to do it (Griffith, 2014). Netherland was the first country to legalize physician assisted suicide. In 1994, Oregon becameRead MorePHI 103 Final1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Eileen K. Cordova PHI 103 Instuctor James Hardy July 11, 2013 SHOULD PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE BE LEGAL Physician-assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for over a decade now. In today’s society, physician-assisted suicide brings so many ehtical questions as such, who is the true owner of our lives? Should releiving pain and suffering always be the highest priority, or does it occure for a reason?

Modern World Affairs Free Essays

In Modern world affairs, diplomacy is less and less important in shaping relations between political actors. Do you agree? If so, why? If not, why not? The process of globalisation has affected the role of traditional diplomacy, which was originally confined to predominately deal with issues of war and peace between two political bodies. Traditional diplomacy is as a result, in a state of anachronism and is deemed losing its influential power in post-modern international relations (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern World Affairs or any similar topic only for you Order Now -2). Despite this, traditional diplomacy is still relevant in that it is capable of broadening and deepening the content and conduct of its role in current international affairs and in shaping the relations between different political actors. The art of diplomacy has undergone an evolution in scope and dimension in order to be used as a versatile tool to adjust to the current global environment, despite being a useful tool even in its traditional capacity (Leguey-Feilleux 2009 p. 14). Therefore, although the narrow classical mode of diplomacy is being challenged, diplomacy in the modern world is as important as ever, if not more so, and has developed the ability to adapt to today’s turbulent modern world. This paper firstly defines diplomacy with a brief historical evolution of the art and investigates how globalisation impacts on diplomatic roles. It then discusses and analyse the importance of diplomacy in the modern sphere. DEFINITION REVOLUTION OF DIPLOMACY (BILATERALISM-MULTILATERALISM-POLYATERALISM) The conventional definition of diplomacy, that is, â€Å"the peaceful way of relations between political entities with their accredited representatives such as envoys and ambassadors by communication, interaction and negotiation† (Siracusa 2010, p. 2), has been around for many centuries and has been evolving over time. Traditional diplomacy was primarily considered to be â€Å"the art of managing bilateral relations between states† (Siracusa 2010, p. 6) and was viewed as a very rigid institution. Although diplomacy is still holding to the traditional practical grounds in the current international political realm, diplomacy is no longer limited to war and peace as in previous centuries and needs to been extended to deal with many issues which would be difficult to do under traditional diplomatic methodology. The traditional institution was characterised as bilateral diplomacy, and greatly focused on making treaties between two sovereign-states with its diplomatic norms typically embodied by professional diplomats (Sirasa 2010, p. ). This diplomatic method was particularly recognised during the periods of the Italian city-states in the fifteenth century when Italy appointed the first permanent ambassadors (Saner Yiu 2003, p. 9). A sovereign state would traditionally send an envoy to other political entities that had equal powers to conclude treaties and prevent wars (Rana 2007 p. 23). Then came the modern era of diplomacy, which is said to have started with the Peace of Westph alia, the Westphalia peace negotiations, at the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648. This event saw diplomacy officially recognised as a profession (Siracusa 2010, p. 2). The major turning point in diplomacy however, was between 1914 and 1918, when many nation states began to proclaim that ineffective traditional sovereignty such as the bilateral and secret system of diplomacy was a major cause of the First World War (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 28). Woodrow Wilson, as a result of these claims, insisted that diplomacy should be more open and democratic in order to involve multiple states, which led to the emergence of a new style of diplomacy embedded in an open and multilateral system under the League of the Nations (Siddiqui Alam 2010, pp. 28-29). These changes allowed new international institutions to emerge (Pigman 2010, p. 23). Diplomacy since then has further evolved as a result of globalisation and can no longer be considered only in terms of relations between states (Wiseman 2004, pp. 40-41). The definition of diplomacy itself has been expanded in recent years as a result of the complexity of the current international environment, which has required that the role of diplomacy be broadened in order to be more suitable to modern governments and other political bodies (Black 2010, p. 254). Indeed, in order to survive modern diplomacy has had to embrace multilateral and polylateral relationships by engaging more non-traditional diplomatic entities such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs), Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), local and city governments, and transnational corporations (Wiseman 2004, p. 6). Diplomacy has the potential to play an important and integral part of relations between different political actors in this new role, and will in doing so regain some of the importance it held in previous eras. Wiseman (2004) insists that diplomacy has indeed adapted to a global world and moved beyond multilateralism to â€Å"Polylateralism†, which further layer of diplomatic interaction and relations between states and other entities (p. 41). Supranational, subnational and transnational actors such as European Union, Quebec, and Microsoft are indeed currently engaging in complicated activities of diplomacy (Pigman 2010, pp. 18-19). The incident on September 11th in 2001, for example, occurred in the United States (state) in New York by non-state actor, Al-Qaeda and there were various alliances and networks around the world involved to solve the resulting conflict (Saner Yiu 2003, p. 10). The twenty-first century has undergone serious globalisation, meaning that diplomacy in its traditional but narrow capacity can no longer always solve the complex multiple boundary issues that frequently present themselves and therefore must expand its institutional capabilities in order to deal with non-state actors. In many senses diplomacy has already achieved such an evolution in practice however it still holds to its traditional guidelines as a baseline and in a theoretical capacity. The scope of the practice of modern diplomacy has certainly increased in recent times and is now without a doubt capable of dealing with complex issues. It has been developed in such a way that it will be easily adaptable to a changing world and can therefore be a tremendously relevant and potentially essential tool in modern world affairs. GLOBALISATION IMPACTS Diplomacy in the twenty first century has become more than the diplomacy of states and government, although the sovereign state remains as a key actor (Siracusa 2010, p. 06). Globalisation is constantly changing the nature and conduct of diplomacy and as a result it is becoming more rapidly deepened and broadened in current world affairs. Diplomacy today is used to deal with concerns about much broader subjects such as terrorism, human rights, economy, law and climate change, which were not issues in previous centuries and therefore as a result new actors and advanced information technology (IT) have been introduced into the role of diplomacy (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 182). One such example is the speed of the conduct of diplomacy which as a result of IT and electronic communications has increased dramatically and brought international organisations, governments and civil societies much closer together (Murray 2011, p. 726). This, as a result, has diversified the nature of diplomacy to be less state-centric and to have a system that is less state-hierarchical (Chatterjee 2007, p. 111). The wider availability of knowledge available through the internet, has helped one of diplomacy’s key activities, that of gathering information for decision-making purposes. Information is not only available to diplomats but also to non-state entities and to the general public and as a result, diplomacy has become less state-centric. Particular types of information however, cannot be obtained without personal contact by the diplomat, nor can computers accurately analyse, interpret and report this information. The advancement in IT has therefore by no means replaced the need for this diplomatic activity (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 189). Ambassadors today do not simply represent a particular entity, although that is a main part of their role; their primary function is to tactically apply their technical skills in order to promote their home countries image and to nurture good relationships with their host countries (Kerr Wiseman 2013, p. 29). Satow (1979) also asserts that human nature and national character have not altered to any remarkable extent meaning that diplomacy will always be a required part of affairs and diplomats’ roles cannot be replaced by IT (Gore-Booth 1979, p. 442). The new age of IT also improves the negotiation role of diplomacy. It boosts larger participation in policy discussion by members from different departments within a state and also with IGOs as discussion can take place without the necessity of being in the same physical location (Hamilton Langhorne 2011, p. 233). This form of discussion was successfully applied in the negotiations with Bosnia and led to the Dayton agreement (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 187). Modern technology can make diplomacy conduit a much faster process, which means that issues can be resolved quickly. In matters of international safety and other significant and urgent matters, IT has become an essential tool for negotiation in modern international diplomacy (Chatterjee 2007, pp. 114-115). Another example of the effects of globalisation to diplomacy is the role played by intergovernmental organisations such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and transnational corporations. These entities play a large role in the complex international economic and political system of the modern world and affect diplomatic relations in a unique way (Saner Yiu 2003, p. ). Diplomats usually promote their home interests to other countries in relation to commerce and trade and invite private investors but state and private sector relations more often involve complex negotiations that handle the terms of private foreign investment and trade (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 184). Exxon Mobile for instance put efforts to obstruct the United States from signing the Kyoto Protocol agreement in order to avoid its additional liabilities and taxes. Similarly, Microsoft tried to protect its software by influencing the Philippines government to pass a new intellectual property law with the United States government (Rugman 2008, pp. 98-99). These examples show how state entities and private corporation relations affect world and domestic foreign policy. Kerr and Wiseman (2013) assert however, that the involvement of corporations is confined to making international business deals, while nation-state governments ultimately make the decisions regarding the rules of trade (p. 9). The role of the state actor is still very essential to assess the political consequences but they may need to enlarge their capabilities in terms of diplomacy in order to deal with the non-state actors and to learn to manage the multiple boundaries of today’s complex economic and political realities (Sancer Yiu 2003, p. 2). A final example of the effects of globalisation to diplomacy is illustrated through the issue of the rise of terrorism and localis ed wars. Global governance institutions (intergovernmental organisations) such as the United Nations (UN), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have developed the appearance of holding importance international status (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 184), but in reality may not be as productive as dealing with such issues as publicly assumed. The UN’s ability as an effective mediator is unfortunately somewhat exaggerated, mainly due to a lack of military or significant cash flow of its own. It can hardly be a successful mediator without adequate resources. The Somalia intervention from 1992 to 1995, for instance, was a UN and US arranged Unified Task Force (UNITAF) that resulted in disastrous consequences because of a lack of humanitarian aid and other resources that were originally promised (Ketcher 2010, p. 20). Berridge (2010) asserts that intergovernmental organisations are â€Å"free-booting amateurs with limited usefulness† (p. 254). State actors such as official diplomats therefore should be in a key and immensely important position to monitor and regulate global governance institutions in order to ensure the maintenance of appropriate operation (Chatterjee 2007). CONCLUSION Diplomacy as a professional institution is constantly evolving its definition and its practices while still remaining loyal to the key principles that were forged at the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations in 1961. Globalisation and the technological revolution have speedily changed the nature of diplomacy in terms of; technology-based international relations, complex internationalisation problem solving, changing the international system of trade and commerce and the holding a crucial involvement in IGOs and transnational corporations. Diplomacy today is as a result becoming more rapidly depended and broadened in the world affair. Furthermore, it also has made it possible for non-state actors to establish supra-territorial relationships so that while state actors still hold a crucial status, they are able to actively cooperate with non-state actors to secure position and expand knowledge (Saner Yiu 2003, p. 29). Despite contrary opinions diplomacy has clearly and successfully adapted to the modern world and as a result plays a very significant role in the relation between different political parties, albeit a slightly different and expanded role that is traditionally filled. In view of this it is likely that diplomacy will continue to be a very effective tool, capable of shaping and moulding modern world affairs between the different political partners and in doing so will continue to control the forefront of international relations in the future. How to cite Modern World Affairs, Papers

Broadcast Ethics free essay sample

The essay will include discussions regarding some of the most important ethical standards including; seeking the truth, remaining objective and non-bias, public trust, integrity, and freedom. The press plays a pivotal role in society and its influence for exceeds mere entertainment value, and it is the foundation of any democratic society. The ethical standards of journalism, for the most part, are self-enforced by the news media individual that allows them certain standards which they can judge actions to be right or wrong, bad or good, responsible or irresponsible.This is an extension of the morality of the journalist which forces them to consider their basic principles, values, and their obligations to themselves and others. Journalists have the power to hurt, rather than help the freedom of its citizens. With that being said, journalists have a duty to self and others and they are not simply writing for others, but they are writing for self-expression complete with truth and ethics. The biggest concern for ethics is it forces the journalist to commitment and to thoughtful decision making which will heighten their authenticity as a journalist.Journalism, whether print or TV, is all about providing citizens with accurate and complete information regarding social or political events. Their aim must remain selfless and sacred in order to educate the public on these meaningful and weighty measures. Additionally, journalists must guard against unnecessary or needless deception and to fully understand the special needs of the public. At times, the news media are ethically forced by procedure which results in journalists asserting power inappropriately and giving up moral standards all together.With that being said, the code of ethical conduct facing the journalists at WFUN must start the Society of Professional Journalists â€Å"code of ethics† preamble. Dale Jacquette (2007) writes: Members of the society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thorough ness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist’s credibility. Members of the Society share a dedication to ethical behavior and adopt this code to declare the Society’s principles and standards of practice (p. 282). The First Amendment of the Constitution suggests free speech and free press are the cornerstones of our nation. Journalists must strive to protect these freedoms and report independently and accurately. The news reporters at WFUN must remember their first priority is to the public.They must seek the truth, report it fairly and with integrity, and remain accountable for the words or actions. This will allow the public to develop trust and credibility towards WFUN. Even in diverse communities, these ethical codes must guard against oversimplifying the issues or events. This will allow the general public to make meaningful and cerebral decisions regarding the news broadcast. Public trust cannot be compromised at any point and the journalists must make sure the public’s business or needs are conducted in public.The first important ethical code of WFUN is to make sure its news employees pursue the truth and present the news accurately and completely. Authors Brooks. Kennedy, Moen, and Ranly (2008) claim â€Å"Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information. Journalists should test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible† (p. 533).All facts must be careful reviewed, along with credible sources which allow the journalist to present their story free of distortion and falsehoods. An example of implementing this code of ethics would be to rely on your true investigative reporting skills and reframe from writing stories that may contain holes, like falsely identifying a suspect in a murder case based on hearsay. These holes only make the journalist’s credibility weak and the story lacking complete truth. Professional journalists should never report anything that may be false or made up. The â€Å"I heard this or that† has no place in professional journalism and definitely should not air on WFUN’s newscasts. This inaccuracy will only lead to embarrassment, ruined reputations, and perhaps, lawsuits. The next code of ethics for WFUN involves objectivity and remaining non-bias in reporting and writing news stories. To writing news stories objectively is to do so without expressing personal opinion or bias toward the news events. The station’s viewers are attracted by the truthful accounts of contemporary public affairs.True professional journalism deals with the scholarly perspective, not individual bias. A few examples of modern mainstream news bias are when stories lean toward a certain political agenda or party, corporate bias based on advertising, and desire to report on what every other news station is reporting in order to avoid stories that might offend anyone. Although the degree of media bias differs from area to area, media bias hamstrings the reporter’s true ability to accurately report the news.This includes government censorship which ultimately disallows the reporter’s perspective on a sensitive subject like war reporting. Authors Stowall and Mullins (2006) write â€Å"When most people think about news bias and the news media, they are likely thinking about some kind of political bias† (p. 110). When government purposely censors news, the First Amendment of free speech and press cease to exist and democracy becomes an argument of semantics. An example of media bias is when the government downplays the evidence of opposing war casualties, namely citizens.The press has a right to inform its citizens on the horrid nature of war, but when government censors the story the facts are more biased toward the government’s personal agenda. When the real information is omitted due to government censoring, it creates more of a disharmony of journalists’ ethics. It also becomes disturbing to the viewers who are part of a story or who are seriously interested in it. The news director at WFUN must aggressively pursue the appearance of objectivity and make sure their news reporters’ words are free of personal bias and remain opinion free.The next code of ethics the news station must incorporate deals with integrity or character. In order for a reporter to display integrity they must strive to report news with decency and avoid real or internal conflicts of interest. They must constantly be aware of outside pressures, like payoffs or accepting gifts. News directors or staff must never pay subjects or sources that have a vested interest in a story. The news reporters must adhere to higher moral principles and professional standards regardless of the stories they are reporting on. Integrity is the backbone of ethics.This ensures the station’s ability to remain transparent which allows the public to decide for itself whether to believe the story is sound and honest. When a reporter has to pay or receives gifts such as Super Bowl tickets from a professional sports team, the reporter is throwing his integrity out the window. Another example of WFUN’s integrity involves their photojournalists. Take the station’s photojournalists for instance; their images must be real and not digitally enhanced. If they are not real, than the news station has a lot of questions to answer. This is a gutless and self-serving way of manipulating the truth threw image augmentation. Falsely staging a photo or video shoot can only damage the integrity of the photographer. It can also have an effect on the written news story as well. Authors Owen and Purdey (2009) write: Photojournalism is not the place for the vain and ambitious†¦If photojournalism is in a crisis it is not one of money and magazines but one of honour and integrity. Photography, like writing or broadcast journalism, is fairly straightforward.What make some photojournalists exceptional are not their artistry but their point of view and the conviction and integrity with which they deploy the language of storytelling. Artistry and style are important tools but without storytelling substance they are insufficient (p. 82). When photos from the Middle East show citizens’ bodies burned or decapitated, one often wonders if the images are staged. If this is the case, there has to be a question of propaganda which impedes the flow of honest news information.It also leaves a void in the news consumer’s mind which can attack the integrity of WFUN or any news outlet. The final journalistic ethical code to mention deals with overall freedom and the ethics involved with it. WFUN must understand freedom is the ultimate form of independence in any democracy with liberty and justice for all. As mentioned earlier, the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech and press. This allows the press to act as a watchdog of the government, and this makes it the fourth branch of government. But with freedom there comes responsibility.Today more than ever, there are real threats to journalist’s freedom. These subtle and insidious risks compromise journalists’ ethics on a daily basis and include censorship, unreliable sources, and media bias to name a few. All too often, reporters lose their focus of morality by a process in which a reporter is taught to accept newsroom policies according to the needs of the public. Better said, the everyday professional journalist’s main concern is the risk of becoming so close to and dependent on reliable sources, named or unnamed that they tend to lose their critical perspective.For WFUN, this becomes a disease that can eat and destroy the true professional privilege of news gathering and broadcasting. Authors Christian, Jacobsen, and Minthorn (2009) state: For better or worse, some sources who possess important information of great public significance will speak to a journalist only if they are promised confidentiality. And the use of confidential sources remains an important means for reporters to uncover the news. Such sources make available to the public more than a sanitized â€Å"spin† of government and corporate press releases (p. 72). For WFUN, this is situation that needs to be fully understood in order to remain completely ethical. All too often, journalists use unidentified sources which can affect the stories true message of validity and truth. An example of this would be if a source, perhaps a college professor, felt it was necessary to inquire about the journalist’s story on him to proofread and check for accuracy. The freedom and independence ethics suggest that this is a no-no in the world of journalism and the reporter must refuse the request.This policy enables the news outlet to flex its ethical muscle, thus protecting journalistic freedom. There will always be a concern of ethics by professional journalists whether employed by WFUN or another news outlet. A journalist that has concern obviously cares about ethics indicates an attitude that embraces both freedom and personal responsibility. It also indicates the journalist’s desire to unlock morals and norms for action that guides principles that make their occupation most meaningful and satisfying.Journalistic ethics, like the ones mentioned throughout the essay, forces the journalist to commitment and thoughtful decision making in the harshest areas of news reporting. This will force the journalist to consider his or her basic principles, values, and obligations to himself and to others. It, ultimately, forces the journalists to decide for themselves how they will live and how they will conduct their journalistic affairs. After all, journalists are not just writing for the consumption of readers, they are writing as a form of self expression and this puts their true moral being into their journalism.This will only help to heighten the authenticity of the person and, better yet, the journalist. In conclusion, the ethics mentioned in the essay will help to cement a cognitive and cerebral plan which all media employees at WFUN must adhere to. Whether it be earning public trust, seeking the truth, remaining objective, having integrity or understanding press freedom, the journalist must focus on the ethical standards in order to remain a competent and ethical member of the press. References Brooks B. S. , Kennedy G. , Moen, D.