Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide. Introduction.

Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide Introduction Euthanasia is when a patient suffering from a disease that cannot be cured is helped to die in a painless manner. Doctors help in such cases to kill patients without feeling much pain. It is an activity the permits the hopeless and injured people to die painlessly with reasons of mercy towards their suffering. Euthanasia is a Greek name that means easy death to individuals. The translation into the English dictionary has given the word the same meaning by Francis Bacon describing the mode of death as â€Å"after the fashion and the semblance of a kind pleasant sleep.† The same meaning of attaining a painless death defines the word. In the medical field, Euthanasia is defined as a way of†¦show more content†¦Such deaths have been on the rise in the recent years. Contrary to the wish of the patients who suffer and wish to be helped in dying, some of the practitioners and state laws do not permit the exercise to be conducted. Patients are to help patients to recover from the diseases they suffer from rather than helping to cut their lives. The guidelines indicate that doctors are to help patients recover from illness. The need of patients is to be treated and give hope that the suffering will end after the prescribed dose is over. The significance of euthanasia has not been clearly defined. The major reason of patients seeking the help of physicians is not that the patients have no hope of getting cured, but to remove the pain of thinking about the physical pain. To achieve that end, with dignity and without pain, doctors should be allowed to aid terminal patients by providing necessary doses of drugs. Despite doctors and physicians helping patients to die, the sole decision lies with the patients as they have control over their lives. The cou nter argument to those against physician-assisted suicide will agree that patients with extreme pain have no ability to contribute to the economy, as they cannot work. Hence, the solution to such unproductive patients is to eliminate them from the society and allow the energetic people to run the economy. It isShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia: The Case of Susan Wolfs Father1150 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction For a quite a while, Euthanasia and assisted suicide have been a topic of debate. The concern stretches from the legal, moral, religious and emotional basis. The query at hand is what is the appropriate response to assisted suicide? As opposed to Wolfs hastened response of No. It is widely accepted that there are varied reasons for allowing Physician-assisted suicide. However, Euthanasia is not as widely permitted. Reason to this is that physician assisted suicide is not like toRead MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930’s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at riskRead MoreEssay on Physician Assisted Suicide903 Words   |  4 PagesPhysician assisted suicide/dying (PAD) is it good or bad? PAD is referred to when physician provides patients who are terminally ill with prescriptions of a lethal dose of medication, upon the patient’s request, which the patient intends to use to end their own life (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2011); another option that is close to physician assisted suicide is Euthanasia. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killi ng or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as personsRead MoreThe Rights Of Assisted Suicide966 Words   |  4 PagesDying Your Way: The Right to Choose Assisted Suicide Introduction Death has a finality to it that gives even the most cynical person a reason to pause. The possibility of death is always present, the elephant in the room. Prior to the twentieth century, before the leaps and bounds of modern medical care, people worried about the possibility of dying more often. Childhood diseases could strike and take a beloved child away at any moment, affecting two or more homes in the same community. Today childrenRead MoreEuthanasi Death And Dying915 Words   |  4 Pagesto regular or unusual circumstances, but now ethically the topic of death has changed by the introduction of euthanasia. According to The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, euthanasia is the act of putting a person to death painlessly, or allowing a person to die by withholding medical treatment in cases of incurable and usually painful disease.1 Otherwise in a more basic terminology, euthanasia is loosely defined as the merciful killing of the hopelessly or terminally ill. Ther e are manyRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Not Harm Than Good864 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Physician-assisted suicide occurs when a physician facilitates a patient’s death by providing the necessary means and/or information to enable the patient to perform the life-ending act. For example, the physician provides sleeping pills and information about the lethal dose, while aware that the patient may commit suicide (Pullicino, n.d). On the other side, natural death occurs when a patient dies from the consequences of old age or disease. The patient s death may be at least partlyRead MoreEuthanasia: An Ethical Dilema Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Medical advances over the past hundred years have extend the life expectancy astronomically. Medicine provides hope that in the event of an â€Å"accident† we can be sure everything will be done to preserve our life, and that the healthcare community will exhaust all possibilities and resources in trying to accomplish this goal. Healthcare also give the reassurance of palliative care to ensure the remaining time on Earth is a painless as possible. However, there are those moments whenRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : Controversial Healthcare And Political Realms Alike1218 Words   |  5 Pages Physician-Assisted Suicide Elissa Munoz-Tucker University of Arizona Abstract Physician-assisted suicide is controversial in healthcare and political realms alike. Currently, this end-of-life option is practiced in five states within the United States. Social concerns regarding assisted suicide revolve around ethical quandaries; providing the means to a patient’s death is contradictory to ethical principles of healthcare providers. Political concerns surroundingRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1265 Words   |  6 PagesParker March, 14, 2015 Assisted Suicide Introduction There are several ethical and legal issues that are raised by the majority concerning the legalization of physician assisted suicide and the role of nurses in the process. Assisted suicide is a legal act of assisting those who are suffering from a deadly illness in ending their lives by providing them the means to do it (Griffith, 2014). Netherland was the first country to legalize physician assisted suicide. In 1994, Oregon becameRead MorePHI 103 Final1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Eileen K. Cordova PHI 103 Instuctor James Hardy July 11, 2013 SHOULD PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE BE LEGAL Physician-assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for over a decade now. In today’s society, physician-assisted suicide brings so many ehtical questions as such, who is the true owner of our lives? Should releiving pain and suffering always be the highest priority, or does it occure for a reason?

Modern World Affairs Free Essays

In Modern world affairs, diplomacy is less and less important in shaping relations between political actors. Do you agree? If so, why? If not, why not? The process of globalisation has affected the role of traditional diplomacy, which was originally confined to predominately deal with issues of war and peace between two political bodies. Traditional diplomacy is as a result, in a state of anachronism and is deemed losing its influential power in post-modern international relations (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern World Affairs or any similar topic only for you Order Now -2). Despite this, traditional diplomacy is still relevant in that it is capable of broadening and deepening the content and conduct of its role in current international affairs and in shaping the relations between different political actors. The art of diplomacy has undergone an evolution in scope and dimension in order to be used as a versatile tool to adjust to the current global environment, despite being a useful tool even in its traditional capacity (Leguey-Feilleux 2009 p. 14). Therefore, although the narrow classical mode of diplomacy is being challenged, diplomacy in the modern world is as important as ever, if not more so, and has developed the ability to adapt to today’s turbulent modern world. This paper firstly defines diplomacy with a brief historical evolution of the art and investigates how globalisation impacts on diplomatic roles. It then discusses and analyse the importance of diplomacy in the modern sphere. DEFINITION REVOLUTION OF DIPLOMACY (BILATERALISM-MULTILATERALISM-POLYATERALISM) The conventional definition of diplomacy, that is, â€Å"the peaceful way of relations between political entities with their accredited representatives such as envoys and ambassadors by communication, interaction and negotiation† (Siracusa 2010, p. 2), has been around for many centuries and has been evolving over time. Traditional diplomacy was primarily considered to be â€Å"the art of managing bilateral relations between states† (Siracusa 2010, p. 6) and was viewed as a very rigid institution. Although diplomacy is still holding to the traditional practical grounds in the current international political realm, diplomacy is no longer limited to war and peace as in previous centuries and needs to been extended to deal with many issues which would be difficult to do under traditional diplomatic methodology. The traditional institution was characterised as bilateral diplomacy, and greatly focused on making treaties between two sovereign-states with its diplomatic norms typically embodied by professional diplomats (Sirasa 2010, p. ). This diplomatic method was particularly recognised during the periods of the Italian city-states in the fifteenth century when Italy appointed the first permanent ambassadors (Saner Yiu 2003, p. 9). A sovereign state would traditionally send an envoy to other political entities that had equal powers to conclude treaties and prevent wars (Rana 2007 p. 23). Then came the modern era of diplomacy, which is said to have started with the Peace of Westph alia, the Westphalia peace negotiations, at the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648. This event saw diplomacy officially recognised as a profession (Siracusa 2010, p. 2). The major turning point in diplomacy however, was between 1914 and 1918, when many nation states began to proclaim that ineffective traditional sovereignty such as the bilateral and secret system of diplomacy was a major cause of the First World War (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 28). Woodrow Wilson, as a result of these claims, insisted that diplomacy should be more open and democratic in order to involve multiple states, which led to the emergence of a new style of diplomacy embedded in an open and multilateral system under the League of the Nations (Siddiqui Alam 2010, pp. 28-29). These changes allowed new international institutions to emerge (Pigman 2010, p. 23). Diplomacy since then has further evolved as a result of globalisation and can no longer be considered only in terms of relations between states (Wiseman 2004, pp. 40-41). The definition of diplomacy itself has been expanded in recent years as a result of the complexity of the current international environment, which has required that the role of diplomacy be broadened in order to be more suitable to modern governments and other political bodies (Black 2010, p. 254). Indeed, in order to survive modern diplomacy has had to embrace multilateral and polylateral relationships by engaging more non-traditional diplomatic entities such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs), Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), local and city governments, and transnational corporations (Wiseman 2004, p. 6). Diplomacy has the potential to play an important and integral part of relations between different political actors in this new role, and will in doing so regain some of the importance it held in previous eras. Wiseman (2004) insists that diplomacy has indeed adapted to a global world and moved beyond multilateralism to â€Å"Polylateralism†, which further layer of diplomatic interaction and relations between states and other entities (p. 41). Supranational, subnational and transnational actors such as European Union, Quebec, and Microsoft are indeed currently engaging in complicated activities of diplomacy (Pigman 2010, pp. 18-19). The incident on September 11th in 2001, for example, occurred in the United States (state) in New York by non-state actor, Al-Qaeda and there were various alliances and networks around the world involved to solve the resulting conflict (Saner Yiu 2003, p. 10). The twenty-first century has undergone serious globalisation, meaning that diplomacy in its traditional but narrow capacity can no longer always solve the complex multiple boundary issues that frequently present themselves and therefore must expand its institutional capabilities in order to deal with non-state actors. In many senses diplomacy has already achieved such an evolution in practice however it still holds to its traditional guidelines as a baseline and in a theoretical capacity. The scope of the practice of modern diplomacy has certainly increased in recent times and is now without a doubt capable of dealing with complex issues. It has been developed in such a way that it will be easily adaptable to a changing world and can therefore be a tremendously relevant and potentially essential tool in modern world affairs. GLOBALISATION IMPACTS Diplomacy in the twenty first century has become more than the diplomacy of states and government, although the sovereign state remains as a key actor (Siracusa 2010, p. 06). Globalisation is constantly changing the nature and conduct of diplomacy and as a result it is becoming more rapidly deepened and broadened in current world affairs. Diplomacy today is used to deal with concerns about much broader subjects such as terrorism, human rights, economy, law and climate change, which were not issues in previous centuries and therefore as a result new actors and advanced information technology (IT) have been introduced into the role of diplomacy (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 182). One such example is the speed of the conduct of diplomacy which as a result of IT and electronic communications has increased dramatically and brought international organisations, governments and civil societies much closer together (Murray 2011, p. 726). This, as a result, has diversified the nature of diplomacy to be less state-centric and to have a system that is less state-hierarchical (Chatterjee 2007, p. 111). The wider availability of knowledge available through the internet, has helped one of diplomacy’s key activities, that of gathering information for decision-making purposes. Information is not only available to diplomats but also to non-state entities and to the general public and as a result, diplomacy has become less state-centric. Particular types of information however, cannot be obtained without personal contact by the diplomat, nor can computers accurately analyse, interpret and report this information. The advancement in IT has therefore by no means replaced the need for this diplomatic activity (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 189). Ambassadors today do not simply represent a particular entity, although that is a main part of their role; their primary function is to tactically apply their technical skills in order to promote their home countries image and to nurture good relationships with their host countries (Kerr Wiseman 2013, p. 29). Satow (1979) also asserts that human nature and national character have not altered to any remarkable extent meaning that diplomacy will always be a required part of affairs and diplomats’ roles cannot be replaced by IT (Gore-Booth 1979, p. 442). The new age of IT also improves the negotiation role of diplomacy. It boosts larger participation in policy discussion by members from different departments within a state and also with IGOs as discussion can take place without the necessity of being in the same physical location (Hamilton Langhorne 2011, p. 233). This form of discussion was successfully applied in the negotiations with Bosnia and led to the Dayton agreement (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 187). Modern technology can make diplomacy conduit a much faster process, which means that issues can be resolved quickly. In matters of international safety and other significant and urgent matters, IT has become an essential tool for negotiation in modern international diplomacy (Chatterjee 2007, pp. 114-115). Another example of the effects of globalisation to diplomacy is the role played by intergovernmental organisations such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and transnational corporations. These entities play a large role in the complex international economic and political system of the modern world and affect diplomatic relations in a unique way (Saner Yiu 2003, p. ). Diplomats usually promote their home interests to other countries in relation to commerce and trade and invite private investors but state and private sector relations more often involve complex negotiations that handle the terms of private foreign investment and trade (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 184). Exxon Mobile for instance put efforts to obstruct the United States from signing the Kyoto Protocol agreement in order to avoid its additional liabilities and taxes. Similarly, Microsoft tried to protect its software by influencing the Philippines government to pass a new intellectual property law with the United States government (Rugman 2008, pp. 98-99). These examples show how state entities and private corporation relations affect world and domestic foreign policy. Kerr and Wiseman (2013) assert however, that the involvement of corporations is confined to making international business deals, while nation-state governments ultimately make the decisions regarding the rules of trade (p. 9). The role of the state actor is still very essential to assess the political consequences but they may need to enlarge their capabilities in terms of diplomacy in order to deal with the non-state actors and to learn to manage the multiple boundaries of today’s complex economic and political realities (Sancer Yiu 2003, p. 2). A final example of the effects of globalisation to diplomacy is illustrated through the issue of the rise of terrorism and localis ed wars. Global governance institutions (intergovernmental organisations) such as the United Nations (UN), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have developed the appearance of holding importance international status (Siddiqui Alam 2010, p. 184), but in reality may not be as productive as dealing with such issues as publicly assumed. The UN’s ability as an effective mediator is unfortunately somewhat exaggerated, mainly due to a lack of military or significant cash flow of its own. It can hardly be a successful mediator without adequate resources. The Somalia intervention from 1992 to 1995, for instance, was a UN and US arranged Unified Task Force (UNITAF) that resulted in disastrous consequences because of a lack of humanitarian aid and other resources that were originally promised (Ketcher 2010, p. 20). Berridge (2010) asserts that intergovernmental organisations are â€Å"free-booting amateurs with limited usefulness† (p. 254). State actors such as official diplomats therefore should be in a key and immensely important position to monitor and regulate global governance institutions in order to ensure the maintenance of appropriate operation (Chatterjee 2007). CONCLUSION Diplomacy as a professional institution is constantly evolving its definition and its practices while still remaining loyal to the key principles that were forged at the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations in 1961. Globalisation and the technological revolution have speedily changed the nature of diplomacy in terms of; technology-based international relations, complex internationalisation problem solving, changing the international system of trade and commerce and the holding a crucial involvement in IGOs and transnational corporations. Diplomacy today is as a result becoming more rapidly depended and broadened in the world affair. Furthermore, it also has made it possible for non-state actors to establish supra-territorial relationships so that while state actors still hold a crucial status, they are able to actively cooperate with non-state actors to secure position and expand knowledge (Saner Yiu 2003, p. 29). Despite contrary opinions diplomacy has clearly and successfully adapted to the modern world and as a result plays a very significant role in the relation between different political parties, albeit a slightly different and expanded role that is traditionally filled. In view of this it is likely that diplomacy will continue to be a very effective tool, capable of shaping and moulding modern world affairs between the different political partners and in doing so will continue to control the forefront of international relations in the future. How to cite Modern World Affairs, Papers

Broadcast Ethics free essay sample

The essay will include discussions regarding some of the most important ethical standards including; seeking the truth, remaining objective and non-bias, public trust, integrity, and freedom. The press plays a pivotal role in society and its influence for exceeds mere entertainment value, and it is the foundation of any democratic society. The ethical standards of journalism, for the most part, are self-enforced by the news media individual that allows them certain standards which they can judge actions to be right or wrong, bad or good, responsible or irresponsible.This is an extension of the morality of the journalist which forces them to consider their basic principles, values, and their obligations to themselves and others. Journalists have the power to hurt, rather than help the freedom of its citizens. With that being said, journalists have a duty to self and others and they are not simply writing for others, but they are writing for self-expression complete with truth and ethics. The biggest concern for ethics is it forces the journalist to commitment and to thoughtful decision making which will heighten their authenticity as a journalist.Journalism, whether print or TV, is all about providing citizens with accurate and complete information regarding social or political events. Their aim must remain selfless and sacred in order to educate the public on these meaningful and weighty measures. Additionally, journalists must guard against unnecessary or needless deception and to fully understand the special needs of the public. At times, the news media are ethically forced by procedure which results in journalists asserting power inappropriately and giving up moral standards all together.With that being said, the code of ethical conduct facing the journalists at WFUN must start the Society of Professional Journalists â€Å"code of ethics† preamble. Dale Jacquette (2007) writes: Members of the society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thorough ness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist’s credibility. Members of the Society share a dedication to ethical behavior and adopt this code to declare the Society’s principles and standards of practice (p. 282). The First Amendment of the Constitution suggests free speech and free press are the cornerstones of our nation. Journalists must strive to protect these freedoms and report independently and accurately. The news reporters at WFUN must remember their first priority is to the public.They must seek the truth, report it fairly and with integrity, and remain accountable for the words or actions. This will allow the public to develop trust and credibility towards WFUN. Even in diverse communities, these ethical codes must guard against oversimplifying the issues or events. This will allow the general public to make meaningful and cerebral decisions regarding the news broadcast. Public trust cannot be compromised at any point and the journalists must make sure the public’s business or needs are conducted in public.The first important ethical code of WFUN is to make sure its news employees pursue the truth and present the news accurately and completely. Authors Brooks. Kennedy, Moen, and Ranly (2008) claim â€Å"Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information. Journalists should test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible† (p. 533).All facts must be careful reviewed, along with credible sources which allow the journalist to present their story free of distortion and falsehoods. An example of implementing this code of ethics would be to rely on your true investigative reporting skills and reframe from writing stories that may contain holes, like falsely identifying a suspect in a murder case based on hearsay. These holes only make the journalist’s credibility weak and the story lacking complete truth. Professional journalists should never report anything that may be false or made up. The â€Å"I heard this or that† has no place in professional journalism and definitely should not air on WFUN’s newscasts. This inaccuracy will only lead to embarrassment, ruined reputations, and perhaps, lawsuits. The next code of ethics for WFUN involves objectivity and remaining non-bias in reporting and writing news stories. To writing news stories objectively is to do so without expressing personal opinion or bias toward the news events. The station’s viewers are attracted by the truthful accounts of contemporary public affairs.True professional journalism deals with the scholarly perspective, not individual bias. A few examples of modern mainstream news bias are when stories lean toward a certain political agenda or party, corporate bias based on advertising, and desire to report on what every other news station is reporting in order to avoid stories that might offend anyone. Although the degree of media bias differs from area to area, media bias hamstrings the reporter’s true ability to accurately report the news.This includes government censorship which ultimately disallows the reporter’s perspective on a sensitive subject like war reporting. Authors Stowall and Mullins (2006) write â€Å"When most people think about news bias and the news media, they are likely thinking about some kind of political bias† (p. 110). When government purposely censors news, the First Amendment of free speech and press cease to exist and democracy becomes an argument of semantics. An example of media bias is when the government downplays the evidence of opposing war casualties, namely citizens.The press has a right to inform its citizens on the horrid nature of war, but when government censors the story the facts are more biased toward the government’s personal agenda. When the real information is omitted due to government censoring, it creates more of a disharmony of journalists’ ethics. It also becomes disturbing to the viewers who are part of a story or who are seriously interested in it. The news director at WFUN must aggressively pursue the appearance of objectivity and make sure their news reporters’ words are free of personal bias and remain opinion free.The next code of ethics the news station must incorporate deals with integrity or character. In order for a reporter to display integrity they must strive to report news with decency and avoid real or internal conflicts of interest. They must constantly be aware of outside pressures, like payoffs or accepting gifts. News directors or staff must never pay subjects or sources that have a vested interest in a story. The news reporters must adhere to higher moral principles and professional standards regardless of the stories they are reporting on. Integrity is the backbone of ethics.This ensures the station’s ability to remain transparent which allows the public to decide for itself whether to believe the story is sound and honest. When a reporter has to pay or receives gifts such as Super Bowl tickets from a professional sports team, the reporter is throwing his integrity out the window. Another example of WFUN’s integrity involves their photojournalists. Take the station’s photojournalists for instance; their images must be real and not digitally enhanced. If they are not real, than the news station has a lot of questions to answer. This is a gutless and self-serving way of manipulating the truth threw image augmentation. Falsely staging a photo or video shoot can only damage the integrity of the photographer. It can also have an effect on the written news story as well. Authors Owen and Purdey (2009) write: Photojournalism is not the place for the vain and ambitious†¦If photojournalism is in a crisis it is not one of money and magazines but one of honour and integrity. Photography, like writing or broadcast journalism, is fairly straightforward.What make some photojournalists exceptional are not their artistry but their point of view and the conviction and integrity with which they deploy the language of storytelling. Artistry and style are important tools but without storytelling substance they are insufficient (p. 82). When photos from the Middle East show citizens’ bodies burned or decapitated, one often wonders if the images are staged. If this is the case, there has to be a question of propaganda which impedes the flow of honest news information.It also leaves a void in the news consumer’s mind which can attack the integrity of WFUN or any news outlet. The final journalistic ethical code to mention deals with overall freedom and the ethics involved with it. WFUN must understand freedom is the ultimate form of independence in any democracy with liberty and justice for all. As mentioned earlier, the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech and press. This allows the press to act as a watchdog of the government, and this makes it the fourth branch of government. But with freedom there comes responsibility.Today more than ever, there are real threats to journalist’s freedom. These subtle and insidious risks compromise journalists’ ethics on a daily basis and include censorship, unreliable sources, and media bias to name a few. All too often, reporters lose their focus of morality by a process in which a reporter is taught to accept newsroom policies according to the needs of the public. Better said, the everyday professional journalist’s main concern is the risk of becoming so close to and dependent on reliable sources, named or unnamed that they tend to lose their critical perspective.For WFUN, this becomes a disease that can eat and destroy the true professional privilege of news gathering and broadcasting. Authors Christian, Jacobsen, and Minthorn (2009) state: For better or worse, some sources who possess important information of great public significance will speak to a journalist only if they are promised confidentiality. And the use of confidential sources remains an important means for reporters to uncover the news. Such sources make available to the public more than a sanitized â€Å"spin† of government and corporate press releases (p. 72). For WFUN, this is situation that needs to be fully understood in order to remain completely ethical. All too often, journalists use unidentified sources which can affect the stories true message of validity and truth. An example of this would be if a source, perhaps a college professor, felt it was necessary to inquire about the journalist’s story on him to proofread and check for accuracy. The freedom and independence ethics suggest that this is a no-no in the world of journalism and the reporter must refuse the request.This policy enables the news outlet to flex its ethical muscle, thus protecting journalistic freedom. There will always be a concern of ethics by professional journalists whether employed by WFUN or another news outlet. A journalist that has concern obviously cares about ethics indicates an attitude that embraces both freedom and personal responsibility. It also indicates the journalist’s desire to unlock morals and norms for action that guides principles that make their occupation most meaningful and satisfying.Journalistic ethics, like the ones mentioned throughout the essay, forces the journalist to commitment and thoughtful decision making in the harshest areas of news reporting. This will force the journalist to consider his or her basic principles, values, and obligations to himself and to others. It, ultimately, forces the journalists to decide for themselves how they will live and how they will conduct their journalistic affairs. After all, journalists are not just writing for the consumption of readers, they are writing as a form of self expression and this puts their true moral being into their journalism.This will only help to heighten the authenticity of the person and, better yet, the journalist. In conclusion, the ethics mentioned in the essay will help to cement a cognitive and cerebral plan which all media employees at WFUN must adhere to. Whether it be earning public trust, seeking the truth, remaining objective, having integrity or understanding press freedom, the journalist must focus on the ethical standards in order to remain a competent and ethical member of the press. References Brooks B. S. , Kennedy G. , Moen, D.

Thomas Nast Essay Example

Thomas Nast Essay Thomas Nast: The Father of Political Cartoons Often considered the father of Political cartoons, Thomas Nast developed a style of reporting the news that captured the attention of his audience in a way that reporters never knew existed. His style of political reporting comically mocked Government officials and worked to end political corruption in the years after the Civil War. His ability to sway peoples political opinions with his style of art makes him a very influential political artist even in this day and age. Nast was born in Landau in deer Pflaz, Germany in 1840. At the age of six, Nast and his family moved to America where he was placed in a New York public school system. During the six years that Nast attended public school, he appeared to show interest in no other studies but drawing and so was transferred from public school to a private art school wherehe demonstrated incredible talent for a child his age. Much to Nasts dismay he was forced to quit his training in the ar ts in order to support his family. He was lucky enough though to obtain a job as an illustrator for Frank Leslies Illustrated. In 1860, Nast was sent to England by the New York Illustrator as an artist to cover the Heenan-Sayers world championship fight. Meeting up with Giuseppe Garibaldi after the assignment led Nast to becoming a war correspondent. His work as a war correspondent led Nast into joining the staff of Harpers Weekly Magazine as a much needed civil-war correspondent. The sketches that Nast sent back were those of the battlefield and helped to raise patriotism in the north. His drawings chronicled the American scene from all aspects, covering all major elections, any government scandal, all national issues, and the political process. These series of drawings launched Nast to a level of national fame, bringing also the responsibility of being a leader of influential movements. It is Nasts work after th

Critical Summary of Why Group Representation in Parliament Is Important by Tim Schouls Essays

Critical Summary of Why Group Representation in Parliament Is Important by Tim Schouls Essays Critical Summary of Why Group Representation in Parliament Is Important by Tim Schouls Essay Critical Summary of Why Group Representation in Parliament Is Important by Tim Schouls Essay by: Shakir Jahangir Tim Schouls in his essay, â€Å"Why Group Representation in Parliament Is Important,† argues that the parliamentary representation in Canada is unfair because it doesn’t represent Canada’s social diversity as a whole. He believes that democracy in Canada can be considerably deepened and enhanced when the composition of the House of Commons substantially reflects the social diversity of Canada (for example, Aboriginals, ethnic minorities, visible minorities, gays etc. ) instead of geographical diversity (constituencies). He asserts there’s a big change taking place in Canadian politics; attachment to geography, language, and religion are becoming less important to Canadians while attachments to ethnicity and gender are becoming more significant. Therefore, it’s legitimate to call for a system that reflects this change. The main objective of democracy in a country is to form a parliament that represents its people. But Mr. Schouls complains that in the parliament Canadians are overwhelmingly represented by privileged white males from professional and business background, which undermines the interests of rest of the population that don‘t fit the category. In response to Mr. Redekop’s argument, which states that MPs get elected simply because they are better than their opponents in capturing the vote, Mr. Schouls argues that winning more votes doesn’t necessarily mean better services from the MPs. We elected members of parliament so they can serve us well. Marginalized people in the society will be better represented by those who are like them because their identities carry with them distinctive experiences that are different from white male MPs. Marginalized people can achieve this goal though special guaranteed seats in the parliament. Mr. Schouls then counters Mr. Redekop`s argument, which claims that by paying more attention to gender and ethnicity-based claims to inclusion will farther fuel division amongst Canadians, by saying that unlike the Quebec separatists, which is based on a geographic identity, marginalised people are not asking for separation from Canadian democracy, but rather to be more fully included within them. John H. Redekop, in his essay, â€Å"Group Representation in Parliament Would Be Dysfunctional for Canada,† argues that identity-based group representation in Parliament, with guaranteed seats, is neither desirable not workable in Canada. One of the problems involving this system is that it’s often hard to categorize individuals into different groups. For example, what proportion of Aboriginal blood or French blood is required to be categorized as an Aboriginal or a French-Canadian; who decides who’s who; what about those who identify themselves with multiple identity? Identity-based representation can created tension within a particular group due to lack of representation from sub-groups (e. g. , Indian Muslims vs. Indian Hindus vs. Indian Sikhs). Moreover, it is impossible to accommodate representative from every ethnic background in the House of Commons. Mr. Redekop argues that voters can be represented well without having to elect someone who shares same ethnicity or gender by electing someone who’s competence. He also says that MPs representing ethnic diversity will have little influence in the Parliament due to their small size, which would consistently create minority government, which in turn will result in political and economical instability. Our current single-member district electoral system creates stability and accountability in the government by producing majority governments. Then he argues that simply the ability to represent is not the primary qualification to become an MP, which explains why most female voters vote for candidate or party believed to be the best option or most favourable to them. In a identity-based representation those who are elected to guaranteed seats, Mr. Redekop believes, would be deemed to be second-class MPs because they are elected with special governmental facilitation. As a result, they be less effective in the Parliament. Though, he does recognize that the current system is highly unrepresentative. Having rejected Mr. Schouls idea of identity-based group representation Mr. Redekop suggests that the problem of under-representation can be solved by having half of the House of Commons seats filled by our present form of election, which would enable all Canadians to retain the benefits of having their own MP, and having the other half being filled by a proportional representation system, which would promote unity and goodwill, for example, by allowing a nationally victorious party to have at least some representation from a province where it got a large number of votes but did not come first in any riding. In agreement with Mr. Redekop, I support the dual electoral system because I recognize that the current system is highly unrepresentative but having an identity-based electoral system will be chaotic. People are more concerned with issues like economy and healthcare than who they are being represented. The question is what they are representing? Canada’s ethnic groups (except French-Canadians) and women are dispersed throughout the country; therefore, it will be difficult for a MP to represent the values and needs of members living in different geographic locations because it’s very likely that their values and needs will be different from each other. By having a dual electoral system, a combination of single-member district and identity-based representation, we can experiment with the system and see if we can find a solution to the problem of under representation. Having said that, I also think that Mr. Schouls also has a point. Of course, it will be hard to make sure that all the identity-based groups are represented in the Parliament but we should try the best we can and minimize lack of representation. Mr. Redekop argues that MPs representing ethnic diversity will have little influence in the Parliament due to their small size then he also argues that these groups will become special interest groups in parliament, which are conflicting ideas. Why would anybody or corporation try to influence a group that has no influence in the parliament? Moreover, it likely that special interests would try to influence big parties because they’re more influential. Mr. Redekop blames women for not having more members in the Parliament, though indirectly, by saying that â€Å"most female voters, just like most male voters, tend to vote for the candidate or party that they believe to be the best of the options,† which implies that women are not typically the best options; otherwise, we would have had many more women in the Parliament. Yes, most women do vote sensibly and usually they cast their vote for the male candidates, not because they’re the best choice but because they don’t have a choice. Not many women run for seats in the Parliament because it takes a lot of money to run a campaign and women tend to be less stable financially due to discrimination in our society. Therefore, it’s important that about 51% (the approximate percentage of the number of women in Canada) of the parliamentary seats are kept reserved for them. Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 252 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 52 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 254 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 253 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 257 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), ( Nelson 2006). 63 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 261 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 265 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 266 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 72 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 267 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 268, 274 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 269, 271 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 71 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 265 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 268 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 273 Mark Charlton and Paul Barker, Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues (Fifth Edition), (Nelson 2006). 269

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation Elementary school graduation is a big deal. It celebrates all of the achievements your students have made thus far in school. Whether you call it graduation day, moving up day, or recognition day, this is a day to honor and celebrate your students moving on to middle school. Many school districts try and make this day special by holding graduation ceremonies to celebrate their students accomplishments. While this is a wonderful way to acknowledge students, their are other ways to recognize your students achievements, here are a few. Create a Journal Create a journal for each student in your class. This may take a little planning ahead of time but will definitely be worth it. Throughout the year have students write things they are thankful for, or what they want to accomplish by the end of the year. Also, ask their fellow classmates and teachers to write something nice about them. Then at the end of the school year, present them with their journals. Have a Parade A great way to recognize and honor your students moving up to the middle school is to have a parade. Students can make special t-shirts to wear and decorate the hallways. Moving Up Day Dance While dances are usually only in the middle and high school, they can be a fun way for elementary students to celebrate graduating. Plan a special dance for all of the students moving up to middle school and make sure to only play fast-paced, appropriate music! Create a Memory Photo Book Sites like Shutterfly make it very easy to create a photo book, and offer great deals on them, too. Make sure you take a lot of photographs throughout the year, so by the time your ready to create the photo book, you will have enough pictures. A Slideshow When you think of a slideshow you may think of the old school protector, but you can use the newest ​tech tools to achieve a flawless presentation that the students will not forget. The iPad and Smartboard are just two great examples of how you can achieve a great presentation of your students accomplishments. There are numerous apps, such as Proshow and Slideshow Builder that will allow you to create a great presentation for your class. Have a Field Day Plan a field day to celebrate students that are moving on to the middle school. Students can participate in fun activities, such as water balloon toss, relay races, and a baseball game. Have a School Picnic A picnic is the another fun way to celebrate your students achievements. Get out the school grill and have a cook-out, invite parents to join in, and ask students to wear the special graduation t-shirts they made. Give an Award Recognize academic achievement with an award. This can be done at the graduation ceremony. Reward your students with a special ceremony and give them certificates or trophies to recognize their academic achievements. Take an End of the Year Field Trip The best way to recognize all of your students well-deserved accomplishments is to take an end of the year  field trip. Some school districts have the funds for students to go as far as staying at a hotel for the night. If you are one of the those schools, you are very lucky. If you are not, then plan an end of the year field trip to a local amusement park where students can enjoy themselves. Buy a Student Gift Recognize students accomplishments with a gift. Fill a sand bucket with school supplies, bake a treat, give them a new book, or purchase a beach ball and write Hope you have a ball this summer.

Speech Acts in Bilinguals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Speech Acts in Bilinguals - Essay Example According to Levinson, pragmatics is a lot more than mere acquisitions of languages, as it involves the fields which are chiefly concerned with resolving problems in communication, for the reason that the implementation of pragmatics are possible to be of straight sensible significance (Levinson, 1983). As a point in fact, this dissertation is all about pragmatics, speech acts, bilingualism, and acquisitions. Moreover, it efficaciously delineates the profound association between language, culture and society with suitable examples. As suggested by Liu, Pragmatics is a sub-field of linguistics which was developed in the concluding 1970s that analyzes the way individuals and groups comprehend and generate an outgoing or speech act in an efficaciously real speech circumstance which is usually construed as a conversation (Liu, 2007). The study of pragmatics skillfully differentiates between dual intentions or interpretations occurring in each speech or communicative act of the oral communication. As per the views of Leech, whereas, one of the acts may be considered as the educational intention or the statement interpretation, the other is interactive intention or orator interpretation (Leech, 1983). Moreover, Kasper has efficiently pointed out that the competence to understand and generate an interactive act is often referred to as pragmatic competence, as it includes one's know-how regarding the communal coldness and position between the orators that are involved in it, along with the cultural know-how and lingui stic information, both clear and implied (Kasper, 1997). According to Paradis, language analysts conventionally apprehend themselves with the system of language which is often construed as implied linguistic ability, or grammar, that is characteristically ensuing to lacerations in the perisylvian conventional dialect fields of the left cerebral hemisphere (Paradis, 2004). Various studies associated with interpersonal communication have frequently misconceptions as their essential grouping as cross-societal communication is merely as often featured by the accomplishment, and directs to reasonable comprehension as intra-cultural interaction. Whilst, the exploitation of an ordinary language fails to assure reciprocated comprehension, the non-attendance of an ordinary dialect essentially fails to secure it. The effectual understanding with no common language is a recurring subject matter in modern advertising as well. The doctrines of pragmatics that people put up in a particular language are often dissimilar in another. As a point in fact, th ere exists an increasing curiousness in the way people in different dialects construe to a particular pragmatic doctrine (Liu, 2007). As reported by various analyses regarding cross-linguistics as well as cross-cultures, the graciousness in one language does not

Gender criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gender criticism - Essay Example Throughout the novel, disparities in gender roles emerge whereby the author depicts male characters as the superior sex compared to their female counterparts. Advancing this perception are traditions entrenched within the Victorian era, which influenced the author’s perception of gender. According to the author, females adulated the males regarding them as superior beings capable of making pivotal decisions despite females’ divergent perspectives. In addition, James’ description of females best exemplified real life Victorian women; however, his description of his male characters contrasted that of Victorian males. The Victorian zeitgeist regarded women as proper, docile beings preoccupied with safeguarding their reputations. For example, despite the Governess’ infatuation with her employer, she refrained from acting on her emotions, as she stood to soil her reputation. Conversely, the male characters in the novel were far from being chivalrous or moral me n, as were Victorian men. The master of Bly did not concern himself with matters pertaining to the two children left under his charge whereby he opted to hire governesses to take care of the children, as he engaged in selfish pursuits. In addition, a conversation between Mrs. Grose and the Governess revealed that an employee named Quint was sexually promiscuous, a behavior shunned by Victorian males. The author best exemplified disparities in gender roles through the Governess’s treatment of the children. She expects Flora to be courteous, flawless and conscious about her behaviors. However, she is less critical of Miles’ behaviors bordering on the extent that she encourages him to be a little naughty (James 12- 15). In addition, Miles takes offence when the Governess presumes to compare him to his little sister. He remarked: An analysis of the main female characters shows that there exist generational differences among the women, which were

Is Single Life or Married Life Better Essay Example for Free

Is Single Life or Married Life Better Essay In my culture, you used to be required to be married in order to be treated as a grown up or an adult. That concept had been in my culture for more than a thousand years. As time changed, that concept has somewhat changed too. Nowadays, being married in an option. Many people prefer to stay single and are living happily with their choices, but many others disagree. They think that you need to be married to achieve ultimate happiness. So, what are the differences between being married and being single? The three most popular arguments between a married life and a single life are freedom, social ife and finance. Let’s start with the first difference: freedom, since it is the first thing you give up when you marry to someone. Coming along with marriage is responsibilities, it means that you have to take care of your partner, your children, you cannot just decide to do anything on your own anymore. You can’t take off and do anything you want anymore, because most of your time will be dedicated to your family. So, whenever you want to go out with your friends, you need to ask your partner for permission. Things are ifferent when you are single. When you are single, you have full control over your life, you are not bound to any responsibility but your own. If you need to take a break from the stress from your work, you can just take off by yourself. When you want to go out with your friends, you don’t need to ask anyone’s permissions. In contrast, you have busy life taking care of you parent and your children, and you don’t get enough time to go out and enjoy yourself. If you’re married, you don’t have to worry about your social life. It won’t be a hassle if you ecide to go out or need someone to hang out with because your partner will always be there. Since you and your parent have become a package, your amount of friends will become double concluding your partner’s source of friends. You get to meet more people with more choices of activity. But, things are much more difficult for a single person than a married couple in social life. People who are single always have to worry about their companion whenever they are out. They don’t have such a stable friend or partner every time they go out. Instead, they need to call many friends before they find a suitable partner for the night, or they need to spend more time making new friends. Also their choices of activity are limited and predictable since there are only some activity for single person. So in comparison, people who are married will save time in finding a partner for their social activity with a lot more choices. Last but not least, finance. It is very controversy topic whether you will save more money staying single or earn more money being a married couple. According to Tom Van Riper on Forbes. com, married couples have the advantage in the short term compared to single life, where only 9. 3% of monthly gross income goes for rent compared with 23% for single, 5. 6% vs. 8. 3% for food, 1% vs. 1. 8% for cable television, and 1. 2% vs. 2. 8% for telephone bill. In addition, auto insurers place married couple in a lower risk class, saving them money on car insurance. On the other hand, once the children enter the picture, which can bring a married couple in financial trouble, a child’s cost can goes up to $4000 per onth ascending in ages. Despite the expenses, single people actually do better in buying houses. Annually, standard deduction for a single person is $4,750 per year, where married couple stands at $7,950 per year. Moreover, married couple tend to start saving for retirement early on, while singles generally wait until they’re 40, which means singles have more free cash in their pocket than married couple. As I stated in the introduction, nowadays, being single or married is a choice, which many eople choose differently according to the perks they encountered. But beyond the perks, you need to choose wisely with another point of view where you can acknowledge advantage and disadvantage of being single or married. Married life comes with responsibility, where you need make the correct decisions every day and taking care of your partner and your children; while single life offers freedom, escape from the burden of responsibilities, but lonely in the late years of your life. It has been always a tough decision.

Rebuttal to Killing Them Softly Essay -- Jacob Sullum Tobacco Essays

Rebuttal to â€Å"Killing Them Softly† â€Å"Killing Them Softly,† an essay by Jacob Sullum, addresses the issue of Senator Judd Gregg’s bill to give the Food and Drug Administration control over tobacco products. This bill would allow the FDA to make such decisions as halting tobacco companies’ marketing of safer tobacco products and reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes. Sullum argues that by giving the FDA the power to make such decisions, individual consumers would be disadvantaged and lives could possibly be lost instead of saved. If given control of such decisions, the FDA would not allow the introduction of safer tobacco products as they feel this will increase the number of smokers. They feel more people will begin using these products that are advertised as less harmful substances, whereas Sullum feels it would be better for people to change their habits to these â€Å"safer alternatives.† Sullum fails to consider benefits of relinquishing control to the FDA, however. By c onsidering some of the positive results, Sullum might develop a different opinion and support the bill as he should. One major point that Sullum tries to emphasize is how people’s health will be disadvantaged once the FDA is given control. When making the decision about marketing safer tobacco products, the FDA is concerned about how the introduction of smokeless tobacco will be interpreted by the â€Å"population as a whole.† Sullum, on the other hand, believes the concern should be with individual consumers. He believes smokers could be doing something healthier for themselves if the FDA promoted smokeless tobacco. However, the FDA believes advertising smokeless tobacco as a less harmful substitute for cigarette smoking misleads people and encourage... ...rth thinking about, it is in the best interest of the â€Å"population as a whole† that the Food and Drug Administration be given the rights to control the image that tobacco receives and exploit its negative aspects. Works Cited 1Up Health. Tobacco Use - Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco. 2003. 9 Oct. 2003. . Just Eliminate Lies. A Division of Tobacco Use Prevention and Control. 9 Dec. 2003. . Kick Butts Day. Campaign For Tobacco-Free Kids. 9 Dec. 2003. . Sullum, Jacob. â€Å"Killing Them Softly.† Reason Online. 19 Sept. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003. . Teens Against Tobacco Use. American Lung Association. 9 Dec. 2003. .

The Real Facts About Abortions

Abortion Abortion is quite a controversial issue in today's government. Many of us refrain from even getting into a discussion over abortion, because it is such a sensitive topic. It is very unfortunate that so many women around the world have to make decisions involving abortion, period. â€Å"One in three women will have at least one abortion by the time she is 45, and these run the gamut of ages, races, backgrounds and beliefs. † (Welch) In one's eye abortion is simply immoral and unacceptable, while in another it is a typical procedure. Often, pro-abortionists are portrayed â€Å"†¦ s merciful and anti-abortionists as close-minded† (Olasky). As an outsider I interpret each group as one extreme to the other, and the purpose of this paper is to inform myself and the reader of both, pro-life and pro-choice sides and perspectives of abortion in the U. S. Somebody that claims to be in favor of the Pro-Life policy is opposed to wrongful death and in favor of life-enh ancing actions. The main argument of a pro-lifer is religious based beliefs. They argue that an abortion is immoral because, â€Å"†¦ all life was created by God and belongs to Him, no one has the right to murder another human being. (Cain) A person in favor of Pro-Life policy believes that having an abortion is a sin, but so is sex before marriage and half of the woman getting pregnant nowadays are not even out of high school. Does that mean that just because they decided to attempt to raise a baby at 15 that they have been forgiven for their original sin? No, either way they will be judged by those in favor of what is acceptable according to their religion. They even disagree on early abortions because they claim â€Å" life begins at conception†¦ † (Lowen). Anti-choice people â€Å"†¦ ant to outlaw abortion, regardless of the woman's situation† (The Problem). They don't see any exception for committing murder. Anti- Abortionists often compare abortio ns to Hitler and the concentration camps, â€Å"One out of every three children conceived in America since 1972 has died a brutal death through abortion—more than six times the number of Jews that Adolf Hitler put to death in his Nazi concentration camps. † (Roe) The cost of abortion is another issue for pro-lifer's, they think that the government shouldn't have to spend so much money to undermine future growth. â€Å"The inistry of health claimed that the 45,000 women treated in public hospitals for incomplete abortions each year is costing the state R19 million† (Cain). They believe tax dollars should not be used to provide women with this type of birth control, it is unfair to those who do not support the pro-choice policy and it is unacceptable. Being Pro-Choice means being in favor of safe and legal abortions, but also in reducing the need for abortions. Their religious beliefs are not a base for their opinions on abortion. Those who are in favor of the Pro -Choice policy argue that person-hood at conception is â€Å"†¦ ot a provable biological fact,† it is simply a religious belief (Choice Matters). Pro-choice supporters give women the benefit of the doubt allow for a logical explanation for an abortion. Abortions are medically necessary for some women, â€Å"Teen girls, whose bodies are not yet ready for childbirth, are five times more likely to die† (Health). In a case like that would it be fair to pass judgment? The same goes for woman who are raped. Pro-choice people argue that instead of trying to prohibit abortion altogether, we should try alternate methods like; safe, affordable contraceptives and comprehensive sex education. Laws against abortion do not stop abortion; they simply make it less safe†¦ the only thing that changes is more women die† (Health). Outlawing it would lead women to turn to unsafe abortions, not conducted in clinics. For some families abortion â€Å"†¦ helps parents lim it their families to number of children they want and can afford, both financially and emotionally† (Choice Matters). Taking away the civil rights of women and/or families by making it illegal to have abortions, will only lead to more poverty in the United States and lead to increasing government spending on welfare.According to the First Amendment, we all have our right to privacy. I am a woman myself and I honestly wouldn't appreciate strangers making decisions for me. What happens in the privacy of one woman's body doesn't belong out in the open for everyone else to critique. I am fully aware that if a woman feels she is mature enough to have sexual intercourse, then she should be prepared to face the possible consequences, but this is the real world and we are only human. Mistakes do happen. I do not support women getting abortions just because they are promiscuous and lazy.Of course the abstinence policy is the best policy, but as long as we are living on planet Earth, th at just won't cut it. Just like Hillary Clinton, I believe that, â€Å"†¦ whatever side you're on in the pro-choice vs. pro-life debate,†¦ we can all agree on a third principle: we would be better off with fewer of them† (Sullivan). I personally think that providing all sexually active women with contraceptives is the smartest thing to do in order to decrease high rates of abortion. In the United states, â€Å"†¦ 74% say having a baby would interfere with work, school, or other responsibilities† (United States).Some women may have to go through with an abortion simply because she has severe health risks that may possibly kill her if she went into labor. She may want a child just as bad as many other women except her body cant support a pregnancy. Or, if a women is raped she shouldn't have to relive the agony of such an event every single day for 9 months. What if she didn't even want kids? Just because she got pregnant from a rapist, doesn't mean she has to raise his child. Some â€Å"†¦ people say an aborted child might have grown up to be President.There's a better chance he would have grown up to be the one who shot the President† (Olasky). It would all really depend on the mother of that child, if she kept the kid and ended up to resent him/her then, that would most likely effect the child in a negative manner; it would make that child have a negative outlook on life. He/she would hate everything and everyone. In that situation in my eyes, the mother would be doing the kid and herself a favor. I'm not saying I would be the one to have an abortion, because in the end I most likely wouldn't have the heart to get rid of something that I partially created.I would think, what if he/she is the only chance I have at ever being a mother? What if I only had one shot and I blew it? On the other hand, I would recap on all the things I could potentially loose out on because I decided to have a child that I wasn't capable of rai sing yet. At the end of the day, deciding to abort a baby depends on the situation a women may be in at that point of her life; it doesn't depend on all of the outsiders who think they have the right to decide for her. Every women has a life and has a choice, and the reasoning behind her decision is completely personal.After conducting all of my research, I noticed that there are strong points on each side of abortion. No matter what position a person takes on this issue, there will always be others critiquing it. I think it is important to accept some woman's reasons for abortion, but at the same time support the fight on lowering the needs for abortion. We need to educate women about their choices and consequences. Birth control methods need to be expressed and easily obtained. Until the Pro-Choice v. Pro-Life fight gets settled, the United States will only get more and more divided as a nation.

Why Are Apple Products so Popular?

ESL0420Advanced Writing Analysis Paper Le Han [email  protected] edu Mar 5th, 2013 Why are Apple Products so Popular? In today's world, Apple's products are highly sought after because they are very popular for everyone. According to Yarow,editor of The Business Insider,said that the newest iPhone sold 5 million over the opening weekend (Yarow, 2012). However, it is difficult to find the reason why Apple’s products are so superior compared with other electronic products in the market.Since Apple’s products come out in our life, it has facilitated our life and brought us huge benefits. For instance, people do not need to bring their heavy laptops to go to work every day, because they already have the portable tablet PC – iPad. The ascent of Apple’s products are presented in front of everyone, it is due to Apple’s product having a creative design, unique innovation and the reasonable price. To begin with, if people want to know why Apple’s pr oducts are so popular in the recent years, one of the answers is the design of the product is very important.By comparison with other electronic products, the apple’s product is always the most aesthetic appearance of electronic products on the market. For example, the newest MacBook Air design reached unbelievably thin and light, but it still retains the Apple computer powerful, durable, capable and enjoyable to use features. On the contrary, the traditional design laptop focus on the hardware upgrade rather than the appearance of product, so the monotonous design of the traditional electronic product makes the consumer feel visual fatigue and not portable.When MacBook Air appeared on the scene, people felt that Apple’s products are so distinctive and unique; because never has a computer company can make their laptop’s thickness less than an inch thin, and has simple designs at the same time. This led Apple’s products directly to be bestselling on the wh ole electronic market. The same was true of the latest iMac, its desktop display has slim design which greatly save the area of the computer desk. For example, Pete Pachal is technology journalist who has been covering consumer technology in print and online more than ten years.He said that the newest iPhone and iPad paired with brilliant 4-inch and 9. 7-inch retina display which configuration can make the person see more detail. Even with the naked eye, the user can clearly see the type is sharper and photos are showy. Consequently the new Apple’s product makes its competitors look bad, and there is no company that has a product on the market now can compare with it (Pachal, 2012). Beside this, innovation is one of the main reasons for Apple’s products success.Before Apple unleashed the iPhone, there are many experts who worked in the technology industry knew that the touch screen would be the trend of future development. An editor named Charles Babcock from at Inform ationWeek thinks while the touch technology was not invented by Apple Company, Apple Company carried forward this technology and it eventually prospered. According to Babcock (2013), there are just a few people who believed that companies can launch this product which meet demands of customers in 2007.But Apple Company has done it proved is does not work like that. The release of the iPhone has proved it. Moreover, Apple Company is also introducing this technology to iPad. Nowadays, if there is any mobile phone without touch screen, it is out of date. The consumer just wants a mobile phone which has touch screen function. It is because Apple’s products are the first to provide a suitable touch screen that it will naturally gain traction with consumers.In addition, another reason for Apple’s products are popular on the market is that Apple Company makes the reasonable price. The reasonable price can make average consumers and corporate customers willing to buy it, becau se people consider the reasonable price to be more attractive than other products on the market. A Taiwan daily newspaper named DigiTimes, which news mainly includes semiconductor, electronics, computer and communication industries believed iPad pricing will disturb the PC market price.DigiTimes (2010) demonstrates that the first generation of iPad price was $499, at that time some tablet PC manufacturers predicted iPad’s price is about $1000 and these tablet PC manufacturers originally planned their tablet prices 20%-30% lower than the iPad. The present the iPad price is only $499, which compels the tablet PC manufacturer to re-evaluate the price strategy. If tablet PC manufacturers want their product appealing to consumers, they could only adjust the price lower than the iPad. But the final result shows that it is failed, and now iPad is the fourth generation, but it still people’s first hoice for PC tablets. If the iPhone and iPad’s price were more expensive, maybe they would not be so popular; I believe Apple Company is also aware of this In short, my conclusion is that the cause of Apple’s products being popular depends on its creative design, unique innovation and the reasonable price. If there were no Apple’s products, I believed the development of electronic products would slow down at least ten years. Because the market has Apple’s products, our life is more convenient than before. The emergence of Apple’s products makes electronic product market have more competition.No matter what, the direct beneficiaries of the price war is the consumer. The constantly price war will make commodity prices approached the cost. Consumers can buy more high-quality products at lower price. In order to attract more potential customers, companies will enhance their brand reputation, service quality and technology to meet the consumers' requirements. Meanwhile, it can promote the whole industry to improve and progress. So as I say, this may be the reason why apple products are so popular in the world. References Babcock, C. (2012). Apple beats competition with design – and design patents. InformationWeek.Retrieved from http://www. informationweek. com/hardware/handheld/apple-beats- competition-with-design-and/240006830? pgno=1%E3%80%81 DigiTimes. (2010). Apple’s iPad pricing causes disarray for PC tablet manufacturers. Retrieved from http://www. digitimes. com/news/a20100129PD217. html Pachal, P. (2012). Nine stunning examples of the new iPad's retina display. Mashable. Retrieved from http://mashable. com/2012/03/16/retina-display- examples/ Yarow, J. (2012). Iphone5 opening weekend sales come in worse than expected. BUSINESS INSIDER. Retrieved from http://www. businessinsider. com/ Iphone-5-sales-opening-weekend-2012-9

Child poverty in Britain Essay Example

Child poverty in Britain Essay Example Child poverty in Britain Essay Child poverty in Britain Essay TAQ 1: Subject: CHILD POVERTY IN BRITAIN: THE CAUSES AND THE EFFECTS. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS SOURCE? IS IT FACT, OPINION OR BOTH? GIVE EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR Answers: HOW APPROPRIATE IS THIS SOURCE? GIVE EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR Answers: To pass on, edify, inform the reader about child poorness. Besides encourage the reader to acquire involved in assisting those affected. Both.The CPAG web log write up has used both to cover this subject. Facts have been based on assorted studies, informations and statistics. This is to farther assist the reader understand the utmost importance of this issue and how it can be efficaciously tackled.The newstateman’s web log has used sentiment based on some personal experiences. The aim of both write ups is to tend and actuate the reader to make something tangible to assist kids populating in poorness thereby undertaking the threat. The CPAG web log write up gives facts and figures aimed at doing the reader to the full understand the causes and effects of kid poorness and how the reader can lend to pull offing this issue.The newstateman’s web log used sentiment based on personal experience thereby prone to be partial. TAQ 2: Subject: CHILD POVERTY IN BRITAIN: AN Analysis OF THE CAUSES AND THE EFFECTS.The purpose of this essay is to discourse and analyze the causes and effects of kid poorness in Britain. It will get down by giving a definition of kid poorness, explicating and analyzing the causes and effects of kid poorness separating between fact and sentiment, looking into the badness of the effects of kid poorness and in conclusion, proposing ways with which this threat can be dealt with.Harmonizing to Harmonizing to the United Nations Children s Fund ( UNICEF 2006 ) kids populating in poorness are those who experience want of the stuff, religious and emotional resources needed to last, develop and boom, go forthing them unable to bask their rights, achieve their full potency or take part as full and equal members of society . The Christian Children Fund ( CCF ) definition is based on Deprivation ( deficiency of indispensable conditions and services needed for the development of a childâ€℠¢s full potency ) , exclusion ( denial of rights, self-respect and voice as a consequence of prejudiced procedures ) and exposure ( incapableness of society to manage trade with menaces to kids in their environment ) .Children life in poorness are as a consequence of being born to hapless parent ( s ) who are hapless as a consequence of assorted grounds such as unemployment or low paid occupations, deficiency of instruction, authorities policies, disablements and favoritism. When a parent lacks the needed resources such as a regular disposable income to convey up a kid, that child’s wellbeing is restricted. Other causes of child poorness includes adolescent gestation, unplanned gestation, addition in figure of individual parents ( a kid raised by a individual parent is more likely to populate in poorness than that raised by a twosome ) and deficient benefits ( CPAG 2015 ) . In United Kingdom, the benefits system is in topographic point to move as a safety barrier for people w ho are out of work or gain deficient sum of money. The world is that these benefits are barely of all time plenty to provide for the demands of these people thereby impacting their households, go forthing them to populate below the poorness line ( CPAG 2015 ) .The effects of kid poorness are non far bringing. This threat amendss a kid in all aspects- physically, socially, emotionally. A kid life in poorness is prone to ill-health, low attainment in life, low morale and a feeling of rejection. These can give rise to anti-social behavior which will in bend affect the society. Harmonizing to Child Poverty Action Group ( CPAG 2015 ) , it was reported that kid poorness costs the United Kingdom at least ?29 billion lbs each twelvemonth, ?20. 5 billion of which is a direct cost to the authorities due to the extra demands for services and benefits.To efficaciously control this issue, there has to be a corporate attempt from both the authorities and her people. The authorities has to supply profitable occupations with first-class inducements to actuate people to work ; better benefits construction, where benefits received is non excessively much to deter work and at the same clip non excessively low in which instance they are found populating below the poorness line.Mentions AND BIBLOGRAPHYChild Poverty Action Group. 2015.Child poorness facts and figures. [ Online ] Child Poverty Action Group. Available at: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cpag.org.uk/child-poverty-facts-and-figures A ; gt ; [ Assessed 16 February 2015 ] .Enrique, et Al. 2006. Children life in poorness:Overview of definitions, measurings and policy.[ Pdf ] New York: United Nations Children’s Fund. Available at: A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicef.org/Children_Living_In_Poverty.pdf A ; gt ; [ Assessed 16 February 2015 ] .TAQ 3: CHILD POVERTY IN BRITAIN: WhyYOUSHOULD ACT.Child poorness in Britain is a phenomenon that should be addressed by everyone whether an person i s being classed as in-between category citizen or non as it affects the whole society in the long tally. Having read through a few articles on kid poorness, interesting facts and figures has made me both funny and emotional. Harmonizing to the Child Poverty Action Group’s compose up ( CPAG 2015 ) which I read on-line, there are presently 3.5 million kids populating in poorness in the United Kingdom, that’s a ratio of more than one in four. These childs live in distressing conditions, frequently left cold and hungry, unable to play and hold fun with friends or even travel on school trips. All these state of affairss affect them in the long term. The CPAG web log besides reported that by the age of 16, kids having free repasts at school achieve 1.7 classs lower at GCSE than their wealthier equals ; they leave school with lower makings which in bend lead to lower net incomes over the class of a working life clip and it has besides been projected that 4.7 million kids will be populating in poorness by 2020.I personally find these figures shocking and saddening and I believe that while the authorities has a duty to her people, companies and single members of the society all have a function to play if we are to undertake this issue efficaciously.Additions in the figure of individual female parents or parent, unplanned gestations, teenage gestations are some of the implicit in causes of child poorness. Adolescents ( childs who think they are grownups and matured plenty to do major determinations, experience it is their God- given right to be rebellious and can barely take attention of themselves ) should non be holding kids. These adolescents need to be sexually educated, encouraged to acquire involved in profitable activities that will open their heads and spread out their skylines so they can tap into their full potency. This is non to state that sometimes these childs would non derail from the right way. This is where holding a strong household unit comes into drama. If and when they do, they need to be supported emotionally, physically, financially particularly by household.Companies ( minor, major, multi- national ) should besides be involved. These companies should hold a societal duty to the community in which they are runing. Having support groups, organizing runs, doing regular contributions in hard currency and in sort and making consciousness will do. The authorities should non be less concerned. She has a responsibility to supply basic comfortss, profitable occupations and benefits construction that will actuate and animate her people.Childs are gifts that should be cherished. They should non be born to endure and populate in poorness. They need to be nurtured in love because they are after all-OURhereafter.

Module 3 Assessing a Research Study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module 3 Assessing a Research Study - Term Paper Example The research article uses materials that have been written, discussing the progress that has been made in the medical or healthcare sector, because of the use of EMR services and software, as a way of addressing the research question. Thus, the use of literature review is used to pursue and underscore the logical relationship between the dependent variable (return on investment analysis [ROI]) and independent variable (the emergence and use of EMR technology). 2. The sample size comprises healthcare organizations that deal in endocrinology, general surgery, orthopedics, cardiology, nephrology, podiatry, ophthalmology, urology, occupational medicine, dermatology, allergy and immunology, family practice and gastroenterology. 5. The article clearly illustrates how the returns on investments (ROI) have progressed before and after the advent or use of EMR services (reliability). This includes the presentation of actual figures, and percentages of increased productivity (validity). Two-way Analysis of Variance: it is clear that in the research, statistical data have been used to describe the manner in which a given categorical and independent variable affects different dependent variables. Indeed, the researcher, Dr. Sindhwani makes conclusion to the effect that the advent or use of EMR technology has radically increased all the aforementioned and tested elements of ROI in healthcare / medical institutions. Dr. Sindhwani as the researcher explores (remotely) the control of extraneous variables by acknowledging the place of other relatable technologies such as Smart-phones, their preponderance and an increased knack for accurate coding as factors that will spur onwards, EMR’s returns on investments. In the study, Dr. Sindhwani finds out that the use of EMR has significantly increased the tested elements of returns on investment (ROI). Particularly, Dr. Sindhwani is categorical that charting increased from 0.5 to 1 (50%

Evaluating the Project Framework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluating the Project Framework - Assignment Example Define the practices that aid the organization in: learning from individual projects Speaking from a research he carried out on his design of the gas-lift chairs, the person seated on the chair is bound to be seated on a hip inclination of 90o, or even less. The hip inclination is the angle between the torso and legs, causing the torso to press against the heart and lungs. Accordingly, there is a reduction in the inhaling volume of an individual (Cabinet Maker, 2011, p. 49). Finding which processes work well, and deploying those processes as standards 1. The study of the production procedure: This process involves extraction of raw materials, handling of the tools used, conveyance, and assemblage of the chairs, packing, supply, and the practice of working on such a chair (Cabinet Maker, 2011, p. 50). 2. Stimulation: Stimulation involved the use of a 2D model of the hydraulic fracture of the children’s gas-lift chair that can be sustained. This methodology also involves the aci d breaking, and forecasting of sustained and the incorporation of a well-performing model (Cabinet Maker, 2011, p. 50). B. ... Functionally, the child gas-lift chair fundamentally allows the user to perform their usual tasks. Nevertheless, the chair can also be used as a non-conventional or extraordinary surrounding or user for this type of chair. Children have to find this chair very simple to work with or use during a lesson or before a desk. The chairs also have to be affordable for the client, and minimal production costs have to be maintained (Fisher-price, 2011). C. Does the organization know if it is spending its limited improvement resources effectively? These discrete roles of the planned chair have been incorporated into one package that offers interactive usage of shared information and findings. Such a gas-lift chair will defines the business designs employed in the model and depict the findings that are able to be obtained easily (Fisher-price, 2011). To enable the lifting feature of the chair for children with different heights and development rates, the Hydraulic model has to be designed to op erate through plotting the tank influx and tubing movement putting both the tank influx and tubing current arches on one plot. Define a method of measuring yourself and periodically determining the impact and effectiveness of your improvement efforts. The LCA methodology applied by Fisher Price, a child gas-lift chair manufacturing organization has enabled numerous research findings into the comfort of children and concentration to assess the ecological effect. The materials used in these designs have been used to project the life cycle of the durability of the seats through an exhaustive analysis of every phase of the life-cycle procedure (Langham, 2011, p. 1). D. Are improvement efforts successful and

Case of Dell in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case of Dell in Australia - Essay Example B2B and B2C become the main models used by companies to reach their target audiences nod meet customers demands (Bearden et al 2004). It seems likely that direct selling from the manufacturer will grow exponentially. Indeed, it is this very transferability of information which virtually guarantees the demise of traditional industry boundaries. Companies are increasingly finding that, if they combine their information assets with those of other companies, the combined information resource is considerably more useful to all sides: two and two, in this instance, can make a lot more than four. Put together a social security or tax database with another database of people who owe debts and you have a means of tracking individual debtors over long periods of time and collecting the debt from them when they finally have the money to repay it (a process is known as debt surveillance and already being offered by some companies) (Dedrick and Kraemer 2001). The corporate objectives of Dell are to make self-help more useful and easier to use, improve customer support and direct customer relationships. The clear and effective strategy allows a company to redefine itself — at all levels, from strategy to the operation of individual processes (Drejer, 2002). Dell, a company that is comparatively unconstrained by physical geography (a seller of services across the Internet, for example) can reconfigure its distribution to take advantage of the variances in domestic tax regimes at virtually no cost: it does not have any physical assets of any consequence that need to be relocated. For dell, its value chain can be seen as a series of interrelated functions within any organization that link its inputs (raw materials to a factory, inbound logistics to a retail outlet) to its outputs (outbound logistics, the sale of goods to customers), the virtual value chain refers to the value that can be generated by exploiting the information generat ed by any stage of this  process.

Economic Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Economic Theories - Essay Example Keynes was the one who completely refuted Say's Law, so much so that he said that the opposite of the law was actually the truth. In this paper we will analyze the criticisms of all these three major economists in comparison with each other. J.B.Say believed that production causes consumption, that is, production is the main source of consumption. What, and how much a person demands depended on the income produced by their own acts of production. Say says that a person pays for goods and services through goods and services. This means that the demand for a commodity is a function of the supply of other commodities. Say's Law of Markets explains the process through which supplies in general are converted into demands in general. Say found that supply will be equal to the demand for other goods. For him, since demand results from the production of products, so there can never be excess supply over demand. Thus, Say believes that there cannot be general overproduction in an economy. He did say that it was possible to have a surplus or shortage of a particular commodity, but these gluts of production were not a result of general overproduction, but instead they were a result of overproduction of a certain good in comparison with other goods which were under produced. So he accepted that there could be short term gluts in an economy, but that it will right itself automatically through the mechanism of prices. He wrote in his "Treatise on Political Economy": "Garnier, in the notes he joins to his excellent translation of Adam Smith, says that in the old nations of Europe, where capital has accumulated for centuries, a superabundance of annual product would be an obstruction to circulation were it not absorbed by a proportionate consumption. I can see that circulation can be obstructed by superabundance of certain products, but that can only be a passing evil, for people will soon cease to engage in a line of production whose products exceed the need for them and lose their value, and they will turn to the production of goods more in demand. But I do not see how the products of a nation in general can ever be too abundant, for each such product provides the means for purchasing another." (Translated by Palmer 1997, p.76, Cottrell 1997, p.2) Thus, Say implies that an adjustment in production, prices or marketing strategies would lead to the removal of disequilibrium - arising from overproduction in a particular type of product - in a free market economy. This is the basic proposition of Say's Law of Markets. Say also believed that savings are beneficial for the economy and are a means of future growth. So they are even better than consumption. He said that savings are led immediately into investments in pursuit of profits, so there would be no deficiency of income, production or consumption. This means that income is always spent either on satisfying current wants through consumption or satisfying future wants through savings accumulation. Hence the market would automatically return to equilibrium even if some income is not devoted to consumption but rather goes to investment. So, general under consumption, just like general over production of a product was not possible, ever. He made an implicit assumption that prices and wages should be flexible. (Anderson) For him money was only a medium of exchange and not a store of wealth. As an inference, Say denounced government interference with the pricing

Case Study Human Growth And Development Assignment Social Work Essay

Case Study Human Growth And Development Assignment Social Work Essay The aim of this case study is to use knowledge of human growth and development to critically discuss the theories a social worker might employ to assess a family and better understand their behaviour. These theories will be applied to two members of the family, Molly (13-years old) and Elsie (65-years old), and critiqued in terms of how they might assist social workers in making informed, anti-oppressive assessments. Any limitations to the theories will also be discussed. Anti-oppressive practice will underlie the critique and has been defined as a form of social work practice which addresses social divisions and structural inequalities in the work that is done with clients (users) and workers (Dominelli, 1993, p. 24). It is a person-centred approach synonymous with Rogers (1980) philosophy of person-centred practice. It is designed to empower individuals by reducing the negative effects of hierarchy, with the emphasis being on a holistic approach to assessment. Practising in an anti-oppressive way requires valuing differences in lifestyle and personal identities. By recognising the power imbalance present between social workers and clients, especially between social workers and children or oppressed older adults, theory and knowledge can be utilised to challenge oppression and discrimination (Dalrymple and Burke, 2000). How this can be achieved is demonstrated throughout this case study. MOLLY The two theories of human growth and development to be applied to Molly are Attachment Theory and Life Course Theory. Attachment Theory Attachment Theory is a psychological theory based on the premise that children require an attachment relationship with at least one consistent caregiver within their lives for normal social and emotional development (Bowlby, 1958; Ainsworth et al., 1978). For Molly, the development of an attachment figure was likely to have been compromised during her early developmental years. When she was between 1 and 7-years old, her mother was addicted to drugs and alcohol and thus was emotionally and physically unavailable (Eiden et al., 2002). Despite living with her father and paternal grandparents for a period of time, the overall insecurity within her family unit is likely to have impacted her ability to attach to others (Barrow, 2011). The possibility that Molly has developed multiple attachments also needs to be considered as Molly lives within a context of shared caregiving (Kelly and Lamb, 2000). This is where the theory is limited in its application within this family since it does not provide insight into the dynamics and implications of multiple attachments. It also fails to acknowledge the impact of losing multiple attachments (Ainsworth et al., 1978). There are a number of significant changes that have occurred in Mollys life and that involve potential attachment figures. For example, Mollys father, whom Molly remained close to even when her parents were separated, has become marginalised and distanced in an effort to avoid arguments with Mollys mother (Markiewicz, Doyle, and Brendgen, 2001). When he is at home, the tension is likely to impact the duration and quality of time spent with Molly. Marital conflict has been found to influence adolescents attachment security by reducing the effectiveness of parenting (Markiewicz, Doyle, and Brendgen, 2001). Given the family history, Molly might be fearful of her parents separating again, the extent of which cannot be underestimated (Lewinsohn et al., 2008). A recent article in the news reported on the potential long-term impact of divorce on children and their life course, including a reduction in earning potential and less stable relationships (Barrow, 2011). The implications of this a re that Molly is not only being negatively impacted in the present, but might experience a continuation of these problems into adulthood. Long-term impact cannot, however, be assumed and consideration of individual differences such as personality, resilience, coping style, and stage of development can provide the context for assessing the impact of changes in attachments. Another criticism of attachment theory is that such individual differences are not accounted for (Ainsworth et al., 1978). Molly has already lost one of her attachment figures, her grandfather, and thus loss is a reality for Molly. Mollys grandmothers behaviour is likely to have changed as she comes to terms with her own loss, and the impact that this might be having on Mollys already fragile micro-system (Bronfennbrenner, 1977) needs to be part of Mollys assessment. All of the key attachment figures in Mollys life are either emotionally or physically unavailable at present. Mollys recent problems at school might be the result of a lack of secure attachment figures. Indeed, being racially abusive towards her peers would indicate difficulty in developing attachments outside of the home, a frequently reported problem among children who do not have a secure family attachment from which to learn (Allen and Land, 1999). Furthermore, research with feral children has shown that children raised without the attention of a consistent caregiver can display anger, distress, and detachment in the short-term and aggre ssion, clinging, detachment, and psychosomatic disorders in the long-term (Siegler, 2006). Harris (1998) would argue that the theory neglects to account for Mollys developmental stage, with adolescence being a time when children are influenced more by their peers than their parents. This might especially be the case with Molly, whose dual ethnicity means she is likely to be experiencing more pressure to fit in among her peers. Evidence within the literature has shown that adolescents of dual heritage report more ethnic exploration, discrimination, and behavioural problems than those of single heritage (Ward, 2005). The level of attention Molly gains from her family during this challenging time is likely to be limited by her brothers disability, which requires extra time and effort from Mollys caregivers. This might be depleting their energies and reducing their capacity to support Molly (Opperman and Atlant, 2003). Social workers are responsible for ensuring that non-disabled siblings within a family are not overlooked (Children Act, 1989; Every Child Matters, 2003). Furth ermore, Adlers theory of birth order can alert social workers to a phenomenon termed dethronement (Leman, 2004), which describes the removal of attention from the first child to the second child. Molly could be feeling the sense of inferiority that is often associated with dethronement, a factor that cannot be explained by biological theories of human development. Life Course Theory Life Course Theory has been defined as a sequence of socially defined events and roles that the individual enacts over time (Giele and Elder, 1998, p. 22). During adolescents, Gonadotropin, Luteinising, Follicle Stimulating, and Adrenocorticotropic hormones strongly influence mood swings and extremes of emotion (Corwin, 2008), which might explain Mollys difficulty controlling her anger at school. The teenage brain is only about 80% developed, with the white matter that signals the release of these hormones increasing substantially during this time (Jensen, 2005). According to Ericksons 8 stages of human development, Molly is in stage five, which is characterised by a conflict between identity versus role confusion (Erickson, 1998). Risks to Mollys social development include poor parental supervision and discipline, family conflict (Beinart et al., 2002), and any identity conflict she might be experiencing around her dual heritage (Ward, 2005). Molly is only one-quarter Asian and thus her identity is very ambiguous as her outward appearance is only 25% Asian extraction. There is the possibility that she may resent her mother for looking Asian and that her racial abusiveness at school is transference of this anger. There is also the issue of whether Mollys mother has cultured any part of her Asian heritage onto Molly. In assessing Molly via this theory, it is important to recognise the inevitable power imbalance between a social worker and an adolescent who is in an insecure home environment and struggling with the hormonal changes that come with being a teenager (Sakamoto and Pitner, 2005). By recognising this power imbalance, the social worker can redress any imbalances by reflexivity and becoming aware of their own preconceived ideas about adolescents (Dalyrmple and Burke, 1995). It would be easy to limit the involvement of Molly in the assessment in an effort to shield her or protect her due to her young age. However, since adolescence is a time when individuals are developing their own unique identities, such action would merely act to oppress and disempower Molly. She is already experiencing a lack of control within her current environment and thus it is crucial that the assessment by the social worker does not remove further control by being based on stereotypes and assumptions. For example , the hormonal changes that impact the mood of adolescents can lead to stereotypes of the moody, anti-social teenager, with such assumptions resulting in teenagers being an oppressed group portrayed as a social problem. The additional pressure to fight this oppression and prove they are good people can make this developmental phase an even more challenging time. Additional biological factors involved in Mollys current sense of well-being might include issues around body image since this is a time when she will be making the transition from child to adult. Difficulties around relationship development and sexual attraction and orientation are all potential contributors to Mollys low mood (Levinson, 1978). One of the limitations of biological theories of adolescence, however, is whilst they facilitate an understanding of adolescent development, they do not take into account the psychological factors associated with adolescence, such as identity development and role confusion. Considering Mollys behaviours in light of psychological, social and cultural factors is important in gaining an accurate assessment of her social care needs. For example, Mollys efforts to find her own identity whilst grappling with the physiological effects of adolescence is likely to be complicated by her dual heritage, which will be strongly linked to her sense of ident ity. There is the possibility that Molly is finding it difficult to fit in with her peers or that she is being bullied at school; being racially abusive might be an unconscious effort to raise the attention of adults towards discrimination she might be experiencing. This supports psychodynamic approaches and the notion that actions and experiences are influenced by unconscious motivations (Freud, 1923). Unless Molly is treated as an individual as opposed to a homogenous member of the adolescent group, a social worker will not be able to accurately assess and understand the core issues underlying Mollys current behaviour. In turn, this will only act to further marginalise this oppressed group. Without the specialist knowledge and skills that can be gained from theories of human growth and development, it could be argued that social workers should not be allowed to work within the field of child protection (Laming, 2009). ELSIE The two theories of human growth and development to be applied to Elsie are Ecological Systems Theory and Disengagement Theory. Ecological Systems Theory Bronfenbrenners (1977) Ecological Model of human development posits that in order to understand human development, an individuals ecological system needs to be taken into consideration. This includes their microsystem (i.e. immediate relationships), mesosystem (i.e. different parts of the microsystem working together), exosystem (i.e. systems that the individual is not directly part of but that affects them), macrosystem (i.e. the larger, more distanced social world such as government and culture), and their chronosystem (i.e. a system of change). The microsystem and macrosystem are likely to be of most impact to Elsie, the former in terms of current family insecurity and the latter in terms of culture and stereotypes associated with ageing. Elsies ecological system has been continually changing for many years, especially her immediate surroundings, which are likely to have greater impact on her well-being. There has been very little environmental stability within Elsies life, at least over the last 7-years or more. She has recently lost her husband, experienced continually fluctuating environmental conditions, and is now living in a tense atmosphere due to issues within her sons marriage. Part of working with Elsie in an anti-oppressive way is to recognise the harsh realities of her current ecological system. It is also important to note that, childrens behaviour and personality can also affect the behaviour of adults; Elsies behaviour and sense of well-being might be negatively affected by her granddaughters struggle through adolescence and her grandsons disability. Taking into consideration Elsies ecological system highlights the importance of not making assumptions that Elsies increased forgetting is a sign of dement ia; her symptoms might be the result of stress within her environment. Despite the relevance of this theory to understanding Elsies situation, the critique does highlight limitations in its operationalisation (Wakefield, 1996). In particular, since past experiences and future anticipations are likely to impact Elsies current well-being, lack of inclusion of this element of human growth and development within the Ecological Model is a serious limitation in terms of assessing Elsie. For example, Elsies social systems today are extremely different to when she was younger. Indeed, Elsie has lived through two world wars, which is likely to have impacted her perceptions of herself and her social world. Another limitation to the theory its emphasis on adaptation, which it has been argued can be used to encourage individuals to accept oppressive circumstances (Coady and Lehman, 2008). Social workers using this theory in their assessments ideally need to be aware that oppression and injustice are part of the environment that needs to be considered in an ecological analysis. With this consideration, the theory offers social workers a way of thinking about and assessing Elsie holistically, within her environment and social context. The most drastic change in Elsies ecological system is the death of her husband. The possibility that Elsie is struggling with the bereavement of her husband needs to be taken very seriously. Elsies current cognitive problems might be reflective of depression associated with one of the purported stages of bereavement (Kubler-Ross, 1989). This is often characterised by feelings of guilt, lack of purpose in life, and a sense of loss. The threat of losing even more in her life, such as her role as caregiver to her grandchildren might be exacerbating the depression and any feelings of lack of purpose. The current tension within the family might also be raising concerns about losing the family, which is her primary source of support. Such fears are likely to hinder Elsie reaching a period of restoration orientation, where she can focus on building a future without her husband (Worden, 2003). Being a widow means that Elsie is likely to have a unique sense of the contribution that being in a relationship or being alone has to personal identity; this might be strengthening any concerns she has about losing other relationships within her ecological system. This sense of self in later life has been referred to as the mature imagination by Biggs (1999). If Ericksons theory of life stages were to be utilised by the social worker, they would understand that this search for identity is a very important time for Elsie and could lead to either integration or despair (Erickson, 1998). An understanding of demands and resources is important when working from the ecological perspective, an understanding which the theory itself lacks to emphasise (Coady and Lehman, 2008). For Elsie, demands within her life include coping with the loss of her husband, being responsible for collecting Mason from school, and dealing with any concerns she might have about her sons marital problems. Elsie is also likely to be worried about her forgetfulness, perhaps attributing it to signs of dementia, which is frequently perceived as an inevitable part of the ageing process (ref). In terms of resources, Elsie does not have the support of her family as they are preoccupied with their own problems. Elsies demands drastically outweigh her resources, making it particularly important that social workers consider the disempowerment that Elsie is currently experiencing. Reflexivity is essential in ensuring that Elsie is assessed not based on preconceived ideas about older people, but on the real ity of her difficult social circumstances (Dalrymple and Burke, 1995). Social Disengagement Theory Social Disengagement Theory has been described by Cumming and Henry (1961) as an inevitable mutual withdrawal . . . resulting in decreased interaction between the ageing person and others in the social systems he belongs to (p. 227). It could be argued that Elsie is preparing to disengage via the manifestation of memory problems that impact her ability to collect Mason from school and which has caused tension between the family. On the other hand, this cannot be assumed as this risks encouraging unwanted disengagement or creating a sense of obligation to disengage. If Elsie starts to feel like a burden, she might choose to disengage in order to prevent the tension she is witnessing before her. This illustrates how old age is just as much a social construction as a biological process (Estes et al., 1982). In order to work in an anti-oppressive way, social workers need to be aware that Elsie might be experiencing a sense of obligation to disengage rather than a biological need to disen gage. Whilst her forgetfulness might be a step towards disengagement, it could just as equally be the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy resulting from stereotypes of old age. Equally, it could be the signs of dementia, with cognitive functioning likely to decline rapidly if it is a sign of Alzheimers disease (Teri et al., 1995). Again, this cannot be assumed, however, as despite being seen as a natural consequence of ageing, only a minority of people develop the condition (Stuart-Hamilton, 2006). A key concern with disengagement theory is that there needs to be a move away from viewing older people as an homogenous group characterised by passivity, failing health, and dependency (Leontev, 1978). Placing Elsie within a category of older people would be oppressive and would ignore Elsies individuality, including her own personal wants and needs in terms of engaging or disengaging from society. It might be that Elsie is ready to take a step back from the responsibility of collecting her grandson from school, hence the manifestation of forgetfulness. On the other hand, it might be that Elsies identity and sense of well-being rely on the joy she gets from collecting him from school. The latter is likely if Elsies past is taken into consideration. Elsie lived through two world wars, and in order to maintain continuity of personality (Atchley, 1989), it is plausible that Elsies sense of worth is based on hard work, productivity, and social contribution. The notion of continuity of p ersonality has been supported within the literature (Reichard et al., 1962; Haan, 1986). The theory is also limited in that it does not examine sociocultural differences. In the case of Elsie, whilst she might no longer be working and she no longer has the role of wife, a social role has been established for her (Hochschild, 1976) primarily as a support to her family, whether that be collecting her grandson from school or providing financial and emotional support them. This is supported by Activity Theory (Neugarten, 1977), which posits that a healthier approach to older age is to be active and socially engaged by replacing roles from earlier in the life trajectory with alternatives, which is exactly what Elsie has attempted to do. Activity theory is supported by the finding in several studies that active older adults show higher levels of life satisfaction and morale (Boyd and Bee, 2006). Furthermore, Activity Theory is by its very nature anti-oppressive in that promotes positive images and involvement and places a value on participation and relationships (Dalrymple an d Burke, 1995). This highlights the importance of being mindful of the fact that, frequently, individuals who lose their partner in later life do not tend to start dating or looking for another partner. Elise could still have another 25-years to live, but is disengaging herself from the role of lover or wife by burying herself in her family. To utilise disengagement theory within Elsies assessment risks being ageist and making assumptions based on her age. This in turn could result in Elsie becoming socialised and disengaging from society. This is also in line with Social Exchange Theory, which posits that social life is structured around reciprocal exchange and that disengagement from society or relationships is brought about by inequalities in the exchanges available to older people (Dowd, 1980; Nelson, 2000; Hendricks, 2004). Social workers can help establish any power imbalances between an older person and their social networks by acting as an advocate and thus actively preventing further oppression (Nelson, 2000). This involves not treating older people as children by using what the Americans have termed elderspeak (i.e. calling older people dear or sweetie), which can be perceived as patronising and disrespectful (Wigmore, 2008). Such practice also acts to create a power divide, where the older person is infantilis ed and treated as a dependent person. This can be discriminative in that it is a demeaning exercise of power (Thompson, 1997). Conclusion Family relationships are complex and effective support for individual members requires the utilisation of theory and knowledge pertaining to human growth and development. Evidence-based practice via the use of theories within social work is demonstrative of best practice, especially within a social world of continually changing contexts and social norms (Fook et al., 2000; Smith, 2004); however, flexibility and an eclectic approach need to run alongside established knowledge if discrimination is to be prevented. Theory needs to be embedded in practice so that social workers continually strive to develop the theory inductively via reflexivity and the challenging of personal thoughts and feelings that might create a power imbalance (Argyris and Schon, 1974). Social workers are a powerful social group whose practice can maintain discrimination if they do not remain aware of personal and social prejudices (Payne, 1997). Working according to Thompsons (1997) PCS framework can facilitate a nti-oppressive practice, whereby assessment of a family such as this one comprises an awareness of personal, psychological, practice and prejudice (P), values and norms that are internalised through socialisation via, consensus and conformity (C), and a socio-political understanding that discrimination is part of society (S). This framework is especially important when working with vulnerable adults and children such as Elsie and Molly.